Compositions and methods for treating and preventing viral infections

A method of treating or preventing a viral infection in a subject comprising administering the subject an effective amount of a compound having the structure of:

• wherein:
• (a) Z′ is O, NR5, or S;
• (b) X′ is absent, O, NR5, or S;
• (c) R1 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyheteroaryl, an azo, an alkoxy, a polyether, a thiol, a sulfanimine, an amino, a carbonate, an ester, an amide, a carbamate, an imine, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, a hydroxyl, a polyol, a phosphonyl, sulfinyl, a sulfonamide, a nitro, a cyano, a lipid, a peptide, a cholesterol, a phytosterol, a glycoside, or a glucuronide;
• (d) n is an integer from 0 to 4;
• (e) each R2 is independently a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteropolyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, an amido, an amino, a phosphonium, a phosphanyl, a phosphonyl, a silyl, a sulfinyl, a sulfonyl, a sulfate, a thiol, a hydroxyl, or a halogen;
• (f) R3-R5 are independently a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, an amido, an amino, an imine, or a thiol;
• and
• (g) the substituents are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyheteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a phenoxy, a thiol, an alkylthio, a phenylthio, an arylthio, a cyano, an isocyano, a nitro, an carboxyl, an amino, an amido, an oxo, a silyl, a sulfinyl, a sulfonyl, a sulfonic acid, a phosphonium, a phosphanyl, a phosphoryl, or a phosphonyl.

An animal feed comprising an effective amount of a compound selected from probenecid, or a metabolite or analog, or prodrug thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally wherein the compound has the structure of:

• wherein:
• (a) Z′ is O, NR5, or S;
• (b) X′ is absent, O, NR5, or S;
• (c) R1 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyheteroaryl, an azo, an alkoxy, a polyether, a thiol, a sulfanimine, an amino, a carbonate, an ester, an amide, a carbamate, an imine, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, a hydroxyl, a polyol, a phosphonyl, sulfinyl, a sulfonamide, a nitro, a cyano, a lipid, a peptide, a cholesterol, a phytosterol, a glycoside, or a glucuronide;
• (d) n is an integer from 0 to 4;
• (e) each R2 is independently a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteropolyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, an amido, an amino, a phosphonium, a phosphanyl, a phosphonyl, a silyl, a sulfinyl, a sulfonyl, a sulfate, a thiol, a hydroxyl, or a halogen;
• (f) R3-R5 are independently a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, an amido, an amino, an imine, or a thiol;
• and
• (g) the substituents are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyheteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a phenoxy, a thiol, an alkylthio, a phenylthio, an arylthio, a cyano, an isocyano, a nitro, an carboxyl, an amino, an amido, an oxo, a silyl, a sulfinyl, a sulfonyl, a sulfonic acid, a phosphonium, a phosphanyl, a phosphoryl, or a phosphonyl.

A method of treating a subject for gout or hyperuricaemia, comprising administering a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of:

• wherein:
• (a) Z′ is O, NR5, or S;
• (b) X′ is absent, O, NR5, or S;
• (c) R1 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyheteroaryl, an azo, an alkoxy, a polyether, a thiol, a sulfanimine, an amino, a carbonate, an ester, an amide, a carbamate, an imine, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, a hydroxyl, a polyol, a phosphonyl, sulfinyl, a sulfonamide, a nitro, a cyano, a lipid, a peptide, a cholesterol, a phytosterol, a glycoside, or a glucuronide;
• (d) n is an integer from 0 to 4;
• (e) each R2 is independently a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteropolyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, an amido, an amino, a phosphonium, a phosphanyl, a phosphonyl, a silyl, a sulfinyl, a sulfonyl, a sulfate, a thiol, a hydroxyl, or a halogen;
• (f) R3-R5 are independently a hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, an amido, an amino, an imine, or a thiol;
• and
• (g) the substituents are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted polyheteroaryl, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl, an alkoxy, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a phenoxy, a thiol, an alkylthio, a phenylthio, an arylthio, a cyano, an isocyano, a nitro, an carboxyl, an amino, an amido, an oxo, a silyl, a sulfinyl, a sulfonyl, a sulfonic acid, a phosphonium, a phosphanyl, a phosphoryl, or a phosphonyl.