Wireless Communications Using Non-Reciprocal Relays and Spatially-Fed Repeaters

A non-reciprocal surface comprising a plurality of antenna elements, each antenna element having at lease one tunable phase shifter for shifting a phase of a signal transmitted or received by the antenna element, the non-reciprocal surface being configured to:

• receive a first wireless signal from a base station in a first beam direction;
• transmit the first wireless signal in a second beam direction;
• receive a second wireless signal in a third beam direction;
• and
• transmit the second wireless signal in a fourth beam direction toward the base station.

An antenna array for transmitting and receiving wireless signals, comprising:

• an input/output (I/O) port;
• a plurality of antenna elements arranged in a two-dimensional grid;
• each antenna element of the plurality of antenna elements being connected to the I/O port via a respective magnitude and phase adjustment (MPA) module;
• each MPA module having a transmit path and a receive path, the MPA module being configured to only permit transmissions from the I/O port to the antenna element via the transmit path, the MPA module being configured to only permit transmissions from the antenna element to the I/O port via the receive path;
• the transmit path including a first amplifier and a first phase shifter;
• and
• the receive path including a second amplifier and a second phase shifter.