A method of generating a momentum change in a vehicle by phase changing matter in a system that is closed for particle exchange but is open for energy exchange, the method comprising the steps of:
- (A) providing a vehicle, a quantity of fluidic matter, at least one first storage vessel, at least one heat exchanger, at least one second storage vessel, wherein the vehicle comprises at least one pump, at least one portable power supply, and at least one portable power source, and wherein the first storage vessel comprises at least one first valved inlet and at least one first valved outlet, and wherein the second storage vessel comprises at least one second valved inlet and at least one second valved outlet, and wherein the first valved outlet is in fluid communication with the second valved inlet through the heat exchanger, and wherein the second valved outlet is in fluid communication with the first valved inlet through the pump, and wherein the first storage vessel and the second storage vessel are internally mounted within the vehicle, and wherein the heat exchanger is externally mounted to the vehicle, and wherein the heat exchanger is an elongated thermally-conductive pipe, and wherein the first storage vessel is terminally positioned to the heat exchanger, and wherein the second storage vessel is terminally positioned to heat exchanger, opposite to the first storage vessel;
- (B) phase changing a working portion of the quantity of fluidic matter from a first matter state into a second matter state as the working portion traverses from the first storage vessel, through the first valved outlet, and into the heat exchanger;
- (C) phase changing the working portion from the second matter state into the first matter state as the working portion traverses from the heat exchanger, through the second valved inlet, and into the second storage vessel;
- (D) returning the working portion in the first matter state from the second storage vessel, through the second valved outlet, through the first valved inlet, and into the first storage vessel;
- (E) executing a plurality of iterations for steps (B) through (D) in order to generate a thermal radiation pressure force with the heat exchanger, wherein the thermal radiation pressure force is used to propel the vehicle while conserving momentum;
- electrically powering the pump with the portable power source;
- and
- moving the working portion with the pump during step (D).