Treatment

The avB3- and/or avB5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, where the cancer is non-angiogenic and/or exhibits vessel co-option.

The αvβ3- and/or avB5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the cancer is refractory to immunotherapy.

The avB3- and/or avB5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said method enhances survival of the patient from said cancer.

The αvβ3- and/or αvβ5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein administration of the αvβ3- and/or αvβ5-integrin targeting agent increases immune infiltration of the cancer.

The αvβ3- and/or avB5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the αvβ3- and/or αvβ5-integrin targeting agent is a small molecule, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein, or an antibody

The αvβ3- and/or avB5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one immunotherapeutic agent induces a CD8+ T cell anti-cancer response.

The αvβ3- and/or avB5-integrin targeting agent for use according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one immunotherapeutic agent comprises one or more checkpoint inhibitors, optionally wherein a said checkpoint inhibitor targets the interaction of PD-1, CTLA-4 or PD-L1 with a ligand.