Sequential synthesis technique for deposition of aligned organic electro-optic materials

A film comprising a plurality of electrooptic chromophores, a first layer of the electrooptic chromophores bonded to a substrate in a first layer, such that the substrate imparts non-centrosymmetric order onto the electrooptic chromophores, the plurality of electrooptic chromophores including a plurality of least one neutral ground state (NGS) chromophore and a plurality of at least one zwitterionic ground state (ZGS) chromophore;

• wherein the NGS chromophore comprises:
• ahead;
• a donor;
• a bridge;
• an acceptor;
• a tail;
• wherein the head is a reactive group that is covalently bonded to the donor and is configured to react with the underlying surface or a capping agent that supplies a functional group;
• wherein the donor is a group that has excess electron density and allows for connection to the head;
• wherein the bridge electronically communicates between the donor and acceptor;
• wherein the acceptor is deficient in electron density and allows for connection to the tail;
• wherein the tail is a reactive group that is covalently bonded to the acceptor and is configured to react with the underlying surface or a capping agent that supplies a functional group;
• and
• wherein the head and tail are configured to allow for sequential polymerization of the NGS electrooptic chromophore in non-centrosymmetric alignment;
• and
• wherein the ZGS chromophore comprises:
• ahead;
• a donor;
• a bridge;
• an acceptor;
• a tail;
• wherein the head is a reactive group that is covalently bonded to the donor and is configured to react with the underlying surface or a capping agent that supplies a functional group;
• wherein the donor is a group that has excess electron density and allows for connection to the head;
• wherein the bridge electronically communicates between the donor and acceptor;
• wherein the acceptor is deficient in electron density and allows for connection to the tail;
• wherein the tail is a reactive group that is covalently bonded to the acceptor and is configured to react with the underlying surface or a capping agent that supplies a functional group;
• wherein the head and tail allow for sequential polymerization of the electrooptic chromophore;
• and
• wherein one side of the chromophore perpetually carries a positive charge, one side of the chromophore perpetually carries a negative charge and the positive charge and negative charge are separated by the bridge.