Metal-free high voltage battery

A method of forming a high voltage metal-free battery, the method comprising:

• disposing a catholyte in contact with a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises a cathode electroactive material;
• wherein the cathode electroactive material comprises at least one of an organic compound, an oxide, a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, a sulfide, and combinations thereof;
• and wherein the catholyte has a pH of less than 4;
• disposing an anolyte in contact with an anode;
• wherein the anode comprises an anode electroactive material, wherein the anode electroactive material comprises at least one of an organic compound, an oxide, a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, a sulfide, and combinations thereof;
• and wherein the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10;
• and
• disposing at least one of a separator or a buffer layer between the anolyte and the catholyte, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode, and wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode.

A method for producing energy comprising:

• discharging a high voltage metal-free battery to a discharge voltage to produce energy, wherein the high voltage metal-free battery comprises:
• a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material;
• wherein the cathode electroactive material comprises at least one of an organic compound, an oxide, a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, a sulfide, and combinations thereof;
• an anode comprising an anode electroactive material;
• wherein the anode electroactive material comprises at least one of an organic compound, an oxide, a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, a sulfide, and combinations thereof;
• and wherein at least a portion of the anode electroactive material is oxidized during the discharging to form an oxidized anode material;
• a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode, and wherein the catholyte has a pH of less than 4;
• and
• an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode, and wherein the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10;
• and
• charging the high voltage metal-free battery to a charge voltage, wherein at least a portion of the oxidized anode material is reduced to the anode electroactive material during the charging.