A three-dimensional article of manufacture comprising a plurality of substrate layers that are infiltrated or coated by, and bound together by, a hardened material, such that the hardened material has a material composition that is different from the material composition of any of the plurality of substrate layers, wherein the hardened material comprises metal, wherein all of the plurality of substrate layers have a substantially identical material composition and each substrate layer is a sheet-like structure that has a material composition comprising fibers held together by a binder.