Controllable liquid transport material, system, and method for preparing thereof

A controllable liquid transport material comprising a hydrophobic first region and one or more second regions, wherein the second region comprises a first surface and a second surface, wherein:

• the second region comprises a smart material configured to directionally transport liquid from the first surface to the second surface when required.

A controllable liquid transport material comprising a hydrophobic first region and one or more second regions, wherein the second region has a first surface and a second surface,

• wherein the second region comprises channels through the controllable liquid transport material and is hydrophilic, the channels defining a first position, a first surface area, and/or a first pore size on the first surface, and the channels also defining a second position, a second surface area, and/or a second pore size on the second surface, wherein:
• (1) in use, the first position is higher than the second position or the first position is equal or substantially equal in height to the second position;
• and/or (2) the first pore size is greater than the second pore size.

A controllable liquid transport system comprising a first fibrous electrode layer as an inner layer, a second fibrous electrode layer as an outer layer, a porous nanofibrous membrane layer disposed between the inner and outer layers as a middle layer, and optionally at least two porous adhesive layers disposed on both sides of the middle layer,

• wherein the second fibrous electrode layer comprises a first region and a hydrophilic second region, wherein the second region comprises a first surface and a second surface, and the middle layer has a submicron scale pore size.