Three-dimensional printed compositions using organic substrates such as coffee, pistachio shells and coconut shells, with bacteria-based binders, coatings for three-dimensional printed compositions, and processes related to the same

A process for using coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, sand, or combinations thereof, as fillers in 3D printing, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Select a means for binding the dried particles of the chosen fillers in a 3D printer, said means for binding comprising one or more of the following:
• a furan binder, a silicate binder, a phenolic binder, or a lignin sulfonate binder;
• and
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the 3D printing composition.

A process for plating or covering products that are comprised of coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, and any combination thereof, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Clean the 3D printed object;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• Step 2:
• Infuse the 3D printed object with a layer of metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy either by painting the chosen epoxy on or by coating the 3D printed object with a metallized epoxy or a non-metallized epoxy in a vacuum;
• Step 3:
• Dry the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy;
• Step 4:
• Sand the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy to the desired finish;
• Step 5:
• Place a seed layer of copper on the 3D printed object;
• Step 6:
• Electroplate the 3D printed object in copper;
• if no further plating is desired, then end the process;
• otherwise proceed to the following step;
• and
• Step 7:
• Select another electroplatable metal which is desired as a plating and electroplate the 3D printed object in the selected electroplatable metal, said electroplatable metal comprising one or more of the following, or an alloy thereof:
• any element on the periodic table of the elements (and alloys of said element) that conducts electricity at a temperature of absolute zero, but excludes such elements and alloys that are liquids or gases at 273 degrees Kelvin and one atmosphere of pressure, and excludes the elements classified as metalloids (Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellerium and Astatine), noble gases (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon), Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Flourine, Phosphorous, Sulfur, Chlorine, Selenium, Bromine, Iodine, Meitnerium, Darmstadtium, Roentgenium, Nihonium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Tennessine and Oganesson.

A process for plating or covering products that are comprised of coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, and any combination thereof, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Clean the product;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• and
• Step 2:
• Treat the product using a means for plating, such as one or more of the following:
• physical vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition, using said means to plate the product with a desired metal or metals, said metal or metals being comprised of one or more of the following:
• copper, chrome, nickel or an alloy that is comprised of any of them.

A process for using enzyme-producing bacteria to bind and harden 3D printed compositions that use a filler, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3, then dry the chosen fillers to a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding enzyme-producing bacteria to the chosen fillers, and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers, said means for binding the enzyme-producing bacteria to the chosen fillers being one or more inulin-rich materials or starch-rich materials;
• Step 5:
• Create a 3D printing composition by adding the following to the mixture of the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding enzyme-producing bacteria to the chosen fillers:
• one or more bacteria-based binders;
• one or more food sources for the bacteria-based binders, said food source may be the filler itself, if the filler has the qualities of a food source for the enzyme-producing bacteria;
• one or more nitrogen sources for the bacteria-based binders;
• one or more calcium sources for the bacteria-based binders;
• Step 6:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the 3D printing composition;
• Step 7:
• Keep the resulting 3D printed item moist until the natural cement hardening time has elapsed;
• and
• Step 8:
• If it is desirable to metallize the 3D printed object, then treat the 3D printed object using physical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, or other suitable means, to add a desired metal or metals, said metal or metals being comprised of one or more of the following:
• copper, chrome, or nickel.

A composition of matter comprised of the following:

• particles that are approximately 165-380 μm in diameter chosen from one or more of the following fillers:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand;
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• and
• a composition for binding the selected particles in a 3D printer, said composition for binding comprising, for example, one or more of the following:
• a bacteria-based binder, a furan binder, a silicate binder, a phenolic binder, or a lignin sulfonate binder.

A process for creating coffee-based bio-plastic 3D printing material from coffee for use in a 3D printer where it is irrelevant whether the 3D printing material is flammable, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Select a means for binding the dried particles of the chosen fillers in a 3D printer, said means for binding comprising one or more of the following:
• a bacteria-based binder, a furan binder, a silicate binder, a phenolic binder, or a lignin sulfonate binder;
• and
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the 3D printing composition.

A process for creating non-flammable coffee-based bio-plastic 3D printing material from coffee, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Select a phenolic binder or a bacteria-based binder for use as a means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers during the 3D printing process;
• and
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the 3D printing composition.

A process is disclosed that can be used to create a copper finish on a coffee-based bio-plastic, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers;
• if non-flammability is desired, choose a bacteria-based binder or a phenolic binder;
• if flammability is irrelevant, select one or more of a non-phenolic or a phenolic binder for use as a means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers during the 3D printing process, said non-phenolic binder comprising one or more of a bacteria-based binder, a furan binder, a silicate binder, or a lignin sulfonate binder;
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the chosen fillers and the means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 6:
• Clean the 3D printed object;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• Step 7:
• Infuse the 3D printed object with a layer of metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy either by painting the chosen epoxy on or by coating the 3D printed object with a metallized epoxy or a non-metallized epoxy in a vacuum;
• Step 8:
• Dry the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy;
• Step 9:
• Sand the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy to the desired finish;
• Step 10:
• Place a seed layer of copper on the 3D printed object;
• and
• Step 11:
• Electroplate the 3D printed object in copper.

A process for creating a chrome finish on a bio-plastic made from one or more fillers of coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers;
• if non-flammability is desired, choose a bacteria-based binder or a phenolic binder;
• if flammability is irrelevant, select one or more of a non-phenolic or a phenolic binder for use as a means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers during the 3D printing process, said non-phenolic binder comprising one or more of a bacteria-based binder, a furan binder, a silicate binder, or a lignin sulfonate binder;
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 6:
• Clean the 3D printed object;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• Step 7:
• Infuse the 3D printed object with a layer of metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy either by painting the chosen epoxy on or by coating the 3D printed object with a metallized epoxy or a non-metallized epoxy in a vacuum;
• Step 8:
• Dry the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy;
• Step 9:
• Sand the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy to the desired finish;
• Step 10:
• Place a seed layer of copper on the 3D printed object;
• Step 11:
• Electroplate the 3D printed object in copper;
• and
• Step 12:
• Electroplate the 3D printed object in a desired electroplatable metal, said metals comprising metals such as chrome or nickel.

Lighting fixtures comprised of non-flammable coffee-based bio-plastic created by process of 3D printing, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding that is a bacteria-based binder or a phenolic binder and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines a lighting fixture to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the lighting fixture using the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 6:
• Clean the 3D printed object;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• Step 7:
• Infuse the 3D printed lighting fixture with a layer of metallized epoxy or with a non-metallized epoxy either by painting on the chosen epoxy or by coating the 3D printed lighting fixture with metallized epoxy or with non-metallized epoxy in a vacuum;
• Step 8:
• Dry the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy;
• Step 9:
• Sand the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy to the desired finish;
• Step 10:
• If a metallic finish is desired, then place a seed layer of copper on the 3D printed lighting fixture;
• if no metallic finish is desired, then the process and the product are complete;
• Step 11:
• Electroplate the 3D printed lighting fixture in copper;
• if no additional metallic finish is desired, then the process and the product are complete;
• and
• Step 12:
• If a chrome finish is desired, then electroplate the 3D printed lighting fixture in chrome.

Coffee cups comprised of non-flammable coffee-based bio-plastic created by process of 3D printing, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding that is either a phenolic binder or a non-phenolic binder and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines a coffee cup to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the coffee cup using the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 6:
• Clean the 3D printed object;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• Step 7:
• Infuse the 3D printed coffee cup with a layer of metallized epoxy either by painting it on or by coating the 3D printed coffee cup with metallized epoxy in a vacuum;
• Step 8:
• Dry the metallized epoxy;
• Step 9:
• Sand the metallized epoxy to the desired finish;
• Step 10:
• If a metallic finish is desired, then place a seed layer of copper on the 3D printed lighting fixture;
• if no metallic finish is desired, then the process and the product are complete;
• Step 11:
• Electroplate the 3D printed coffee cup in copper;
• if no additional metallic finish is desired, then the process and the product are complete;
• and
• Step 12:
• If a chrome finish is desired, then electroplate the 3D printed coffee cup in chrome.

A process that can be used to create a powder coat finish on a coffee-based bio-plastic, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers;
• if non-flammability is desired, choose a bacteria-based binder or a phenolic binder;
• if flammability is irrelevant, select one or more of a non-phenolic or a phenolic binder for use as a means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers during the 3D printing process, said non-phenolic binder comprising one or more of a bacteria-based binder, a furan binder, a silicate binder, or a lignin sulfonate binder;
• Step 5:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers;
• Step 6:
• Clean the 3D printed object;
• this may be done by any suitable means such as one or more of the following means:
• using compressed air or shaking;
• Step 7:
• Infuse the 3D printed lighting fixture with a layer of metallized epoxy or with a non-metallized epoxy either by painting on the chosen epoxy or by coating the 3D printed lighting fixture with metallized epoxy or with non-metallized epoxy in a vacuum;
• Step 8:
• Dry the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy;
• Step 9:
• Sand the infused metallized epoxy or non-metallized epoxy to the desired finish;
• and
• Step 10:
• Powder coat the 3D printed object with a thermoplastic or a thermoset polymer.

A color treatment process that may be used to treat a 3D printed object made from one or more fillers of coffee, pistachio shells, or coconut shells to make such a printed object translucent or white by using ozone, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Generate an ozone atmosphere with an ozone concentration between about 1 to about 10 kg/adt, with an upper limit from about 12 to about 13 percent of ozone by volume;
• one or more means may be used to generate said ozone atmosphere, said means including corona discharge and the use of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation;
• if ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation is used to create the ozone, then wavelengths from about 160 nanometers to about 380 nanometers should be used, with a pulse rate of about ten milliseconds or less;
• Step 2:
• Immerse said 3D printed object in the ozone atmosphere created in Step 2 until it becomes the desired translucent or white color;
• and
• Step 3:
• Remove said 3D printed object from the ozone environment.

A process for binding and hardening coffee, pistachio shells and coconut shells with sand in 3D printing in an environmentally friendly manner using enzyme-producing bacteria to produce calcium carbonate, said process comprising the following steps:

• Step 1:
• Obtain fillers wherein the fillers are comprised of one or more of the following:
• coffee, pistachio shells, coconut shells, or sand,
• where the volumes of said fillers may be as follows:
• if sand is used as a filler then:
• coffee constitutes not more than about 30 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells constitute not more than about 35 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells constitute not more than about 50 percent of the volume of all fillers;
• if sand is not used as a filler:
• coffee may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• pistachio shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• coconut shells may constitute any amount of the volume of all fillers;
• Step 2:
• If advantageous to Step 3 or if the chosen fillers do not have a moisture content of approximately 5% by weight or less, then dry the chosen fillers to said moisture content;
• Step 3:
• If the chosen fillers are not of consistent particle size in the range from about 165 μm to about 380 μm, then grind the chosen fillers and sort the resulting particles to create a powder of the chosen fillers with consistent particle size in said range;
• Step 4:
• Choose a means for binding enzyme-producing bacteria to the chosen fillers and then add the means for binding to the particles of the chosen fillers, said means for binding being chosen from one or more inulin-rich materials:
• Jerusalem artichoke, sweet potato, oyster-plant, leek, chicory (Cichorium intybus), artichoke, onion, garlic, shallot, elecampane (Inula helenium), and bananas;
• Step 5:
• Add the following to the mixture of the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding:
• a food source, which can be the filler itself if the filler has the qualities of a food source for the enzyme-producing bacteria, and enzyme-producing bacteria selected from one or more organisms comprising the following class:
• Sporosarcina Pasteurii, Sporosarcina Ureae, Proteus Vulgaris, Bacillus Sphaericus, Myxococcus Xanthus, Proteus Mirabilis, Helicobacter Pylori;
• a nitrogen source, such as urea;
• and a source of calcium, such as calcium chloride;
• Step 6:
• Load a 3D file that defines an object to be printed onto a 3D printer and 3D print the object to be printed using the particles of the chosen fillers and the means for binding the particles of the chosen fillers;
• and
• Step 7:
• Keep the resulting 3D printed item moist until the natural cement hardening time has elapsed.