Integrated electro-analytical biosensor array

A biosensor pixel, comprising:

• an electrode transducer with a recognition layer, wherein said electrode transducer is configured to measure a current generated by electrochemical interactions between an analyte and said recognition layer;
• a trans-impedance amplifier connected to said electrode transducer, wherein said trans-impedance amplifier is configured to convert said current into a voltage signal in real-time as said electrochemical interactions occur;
• a controlled voltage source coupled to a positive input of said trans-impedance amplifier to set a potential of said electrode transducer to a value of said controlled voltage source;
• a 1-bit comparator coupled to said trans-impedance amplifier;
• and
• a 1-bit digital-to-analog converter coupled to said 1-bit comparator, wherein said 1-bit digital-to-analog converter injects different levels of charge into an input of said trans-impedance amplifier at each cycle based on an output of said 1-bit comparator;
• wherein said recognition layer comprises capture probes.

A planar two-dimensional biosensor array architecture, comprising:

• a plurality of biosensor pixels assembled in rows and columns, wherein each of said plurality of biosensor pixels comprises:
• an inert electrode transducer configured to sense a current generated by electrochemical interactions occurring at individual recognition layer regions of every pixel in response to different electrical voltages being placed across an electrode transducer-electrolyte interface for that pixel;
• a trans-impedance amplifier connected to said electrode transducer, wherein said trans-impedance amplifier is configured to convert said current into a voltage signal in real-time as said electrochemical interactions occur;
• a controlled voltage source coupled to a positive input of said trans-impedance amplifier;
• a 1-bit comparator coupled to said trans-impedance amplifier;
• and
• a 1-bit digital-to-analog converter coupled to said 1-bit comparator, wherein said 1-bit digital-to-analog converter injects different levels of charge into an input of said trans-impedance amplifier at each cycle based on an output of said 1-bit comparator;
• and
• row and column decoders coupled to said plurality of biosensor pixels, wherein said row and column decoders are configured to select individual pixels of said plurality of biosensor pixels and access them one at a time;
• wherein a recognition layer of a biosensor pixel of said plurality of biosensor pixels comprises capture probes.