Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit,
• the process cartridge integrally supporting the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the at least one unit, and being detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus,
• the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:
• a support,
• a photosensitive layer, and
• a surface layer in this order, wherein
• an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibits a wrinkled shape by having a concavo-convex shape,
• when an observation region having square form with one side of 200 μm is provided at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a reference line L1, and 1,799 reference lines obtained by rotating the reference line L1 at every 0.10 around the central point are defined as reference lines L2 to L1,800, respectively,
• each of the reference lines L1 to L1,800 intersects with a ridgeline of a convex portion of the concavo-convex shape at a plurality of positions, and
• intersection angles between each of the reference lines L1 to L1,800 and the ridgelines at at least two positions selected from the plurality of positions have different values from each other,
• the surface layer comprises a binder resin and an inorganic particle, and
• at least a part of the inorganic particle exposes at a concave portion of the concavo-convex shape.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member,
• a charging unit,
• an exposing unit,
• a developing unit, and
• a transfer unit,
• the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:
• a support,
• a photosensitive layer, and
• a surface layer in this order, wherein
• an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member exhibits a wrinkled shape by having a concavo-convex shape,
• when an observation region having square form with one side of 200 μm is provided at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a reference line L1, and 1,799 reference lines obtained by rotating the reference line L1 at every 0.10 around the central point are defined as reference lines L2 to L1,800, respectively,
• each of the reference lines L1 to L1,800 intersects with a ridgeline of a convex portion of the concavo-convex shape at a plurality of positions, and
• intersection angles between each of the reference lines L1 to L1,800 and the ridgelines at at least two positions selected from the plurality of positions have different values from each other,
• the surface layer comprises a binder resin and an inorganic particle, and
• at least a part of the inorganic particle exposes at a concave portion of the concavo-convex shape.