A stress gradient high-efficiency non-destructive detection system based on frequency domain calculation of broadband swept frequency signals, comprising an arbitrary waveform generator (1), a power amplifier (2), a transmitting probe (3), a receiving transducer (4), a high-bandwidth receiving and amplifying device (5), a single-channel high-speed data acquisition system (6) and a PC computer (7), wherein the arbitrary waveform generator (1) is connected with the power amplifier (2), the power amplifier (2) is connected with the transmitting probe (3), the transmitting probe (3) and the receiving transducer (4) are both disposed on a calibration device, the receiving transducer (4) is connected with the high-bandwidth receiving and amplifying device (5), the high-bandwidth receiving and amplifying device (5) is connected with the single-channel high-speed data acquisition system (6), and the single-channel high-speed data acquisition system (6) is connected with the PC computer (7).