# US 2023/0054868 A1 · Method and system for estimating ground state energy of quantum system > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2023/0054868 A1 - Document ID: US20230054868A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 17/977,344 - Filed: 2022-10-31 - Published: 2023-02-23 - Earliest claimed: 2021-06-07 - Assignees: Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited - Applicants: Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited - Inventors: Shixin ZHANG; Zhouquan WAN; Shengyu ZHANG - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20230054868A1 ## CPC - G06N 10/60: Quantum algorithms, e.g. based on quantum optimisation, quantum Fourier or Hadamard transforms - G06N 10/20: Models of quantum computing, e.g. quantum circuits or universal quantum computers - G06N 3/084: Backpropagation, e.g. using gradient descent - G06N 10/70: Quantum error correction, detection or prevention, e.g. surface codes or magic state distillation - G06N: COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS ## Abstract A method includes: performing transformation processing on input quantum states of n qubits through a parameterized quantum circuit, to output quantum states of the n qubits, an expected energy value of Hamiltonian of a target quantum system in the output quantum states of the n qubits being a summation result of expected energy values of k Pauli strings obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian, n and k being positive integers; performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network; adjusting parameters of the parameterized quantum circuit and parameters of the neural network while aiming to converge the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian; and determining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfying the convergence condition as ground state energy of the target quantum system. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for estimating ground state energy of a quantum system, performed by a computer device, the method comprising: performing transformation processing on input quantum states of n qubits through a parameterized quantum circuit, to output quantum states of the n qubits, an expected energy value of Hamiltonian of a target quantum system in the output quantum states of the n qubits being a summation result of expected energy values of k Pauli strings obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian, n and k being positive integers; performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network; adjusting parameters of the parameterized quantum circuit and parameters of the neural network by using a convergence condition of the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian as an objective; and when the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfies the convergence condition, determining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfying the convergence condition as ground state energy of the target quantum system. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, wherein the performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network comprises: generating a plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system according to a Pauli string obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian and a Pauli string obtained by decomposing a post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network; for one Pauli string in the plurality of Pauli strings, obtaining a bit string of the output quantum states of the n qubits on a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli string by measurement; calculating expected energy values corresponding to the plurality of Pauli strings respectively according to bit strings that respectively correspond to the plurality of Pauli strings; and calculating the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian according to the expected energy values corresponding to the plurality of Pauli strings. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method according to claim 2, wherein the generating a plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system according to a Pauli string obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian and a Pauli string obtained by decomposing a post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network comprises: performing Taylor expansion on the post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network to obtain t Pauli strings, wherein t is a positive integer; and performing a direct product operation on the t Pauli strings and the k Pauli strings obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian to generate the plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to the equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method according to claim 1, wherein the performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network comprises: for a target Pauli string in the k Pauli strings, obtaining a measurement circuit corresponding to the target Pauli string, and obtaining a transformed output quantum state after performing transformation processing corresponding to the target Pauli string on the output quantum states of the n qubits; obtaining a bit string of the transformed output quantum state on a specified measurement basis by measurement; outputting, by the neural network, metadata used for calculating an expected energy value of the target Pauli string according to the bit string; calculating and obtaining the expected energy value of the target Pauli string according to the metadata; and calculating the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian according to the expected energy values of the k of Pauli strings. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The method according to claim 4, wherein the measurement circuit corresponding to the target Pauli string comprises a quantum gate corresponding to an unsigned qubit other than signed qubits, and the unsigned qubit is measured on a same measurement basis, wherein the signed qubit is a qubit in the n qubits that corresponds to a target Pauli operator in the target Pauli string, and a measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is determined according to a Pauli operator corresponding to the signed qubit in the target Pauli string. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method according to claim 5, wherein the same measurement basis is a measurement basis corresponding to a first Pauli operator, and the target Pauli operator is a second Pauli operator or a third Pauli operator, wherein the first Pauli operator, the second Pauli operator, and the third Pauli operator are different from each other, and the first Pauli operator, the second Pauli operator, and the third Pauli operator is one of a Pauli X operator, a Pauli Y operator, and a Pauli Z operator. ### Claim 7 (depends on 5) The method according to claim 5, wherein the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is a two-bit controlled X gate when the unsigned qubit corresponds to the Pauli X operator in the target Pauli string; or the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is a two-bit controlled Y gate when the unsigned qubit corresponds to the Pauli Y operator in the target Pauli string; or the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is a two-bit controlled Z gate when the unsigned qubit corresponds to the Pauli Z operator in the target Pauli string. ### Claim 8 (depends on 5) The method according to claim 5, wherein when the signed qubit corresponds to a Pauli X operator in the target Pauli string, the measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli X operator; or when the signed qubit corresponds to a Pauli Y operator in the target Pauli string, the measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli Y operator; or when the signed qubit corresponds to a Pauli Z operator in the target Pauli string, the measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli Z operator. ### Claim 9 (depends on 5) The method according to claim 5, wherein the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is equivalently replaced by a sign corresponding to a measurement result corresponding to the unsigned qubit when a Pauli operator corresponding to the unsigned qubit in the target Pauli string is the same as a Pauli operator corresponding to the same measurement basis. ### Claim 10 An apparatus for estimating ground state energy of a quantum system, comprising: a processor and a memory, the memory storing a computer program, the computer program being loaded and executed by the processor to implement: performing transformation processing on input quantum states of n qubits through a parameterized quantum circuit, to output quantum states of the n qubits, an expected energy value of Hamiltonian of a target quantum system in the output quantum states of the n qubits being a summation result of expected energy values of k Pauli strings obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian, n and k being positive integers; performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network; adjusting parameters of the parameterized quantum circuit and parameters of the neural network by using a convergence condition of the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian as an objective; and when the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfies the convergence condition, determining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfying the convergence condition as ground state energy of the target quantum system. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network comprises: generating a plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system according to a Pauli string obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian and a Pauli string obtained by decomposing a post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network; for one Pauli string in the plurality of Pauli strings, obtaining a bit string of the output quantum states of the n qubits on a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli string by measurement; calculating expected energy values corresponding to the plurality of Pauli strings respectively according to bit strings that respectively correspond to the plurality of Pauli strings; and calculating the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian according to the expected energy values corresponding to the plurality of Pauli strings. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the generating a plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system according to a Pauli string obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian and a Pauli string obtained by decomposing a post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network comprises: performing Taylor expansion on the post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network to obtain t Pauli strings, wherein t is a positive integer; and performing a direct product operation on the t Pauli strings and the k Pauli strings obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian to generate the plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to the equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network comprises: for a target Pauli string in the k Pauli strings, obtaining a measurement circuit corresponding to the target Pauli string, and obtaining a transformed output quantum state after performing transformation processing corresponding to the target Pauli string on the output quantum states of the n qubits; obtaining a bit string of the transformed output quantum state on a specified measurement basis by measurement; outputting, by the neural network, metadata used for calculating an expected energy value of the target Pauli string according to the bit string; calculating and obtaining the expected energy value of the target Pauli string according to the metadata; and calculating the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian according to the expected energy values of the k of Pauli strings. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the measurement circuit corresponding to the target Pauli string comprises a quantum gate corresponding to an unsigned qubit other than signed qubits, and the unsigned qubit is measured on a same measurement basis, wherein the signed qubit is a qubit in the n qubits that corresponds to a target Pauli operator in the target Pauli string, and a measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is determined according to a Pauli operator corresponding to the signed qubit in the target Pauli string. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the same measurement basis is a measurement basis corresponding to a first Pauli operator, and the target Pauli operator is a second Pauli operator or a third Pauli operator, wherein the first Pauli operator, the second Pauli operator, and the third Pauli operator are different from each other, and the first Pauli operator, the second Pauli operator, and the third Pauli operator is one of a Pauli X operator, a Pauli Y operator, and a Pauli Z operator. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is a two-bit controlled X gate when the unsigned qubit corresponds to the Pauli X operator in the target Pauli string; or the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is a two-bit controlled Y gate when the unsigned qubit corresponds to the Pauli Y operator in the target Pauli string; or the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is a two-bit controlled Z gate when the unsigned qubit corresponds to the Pauli Z operator in the target Pauli string. ### Claim 17 (depends on 14) The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein when the signed qubit corresponds to a Pauli X operator in the target Pauli string, the measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli X operator; or when the signed qubit corresponds to a Pauli Y operator in the target Pauli string, the measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli Y operator; or when the signed qubit corresponds to a Pauli Z operator in the target Pauli string, the measurement basis corresponding to the signed qubit is a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli Z operator. ### Claim 18 (depends on 14) The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the quantum gate corresponding to the unsigned qubit is equivalently replaced by a sign corresponding to a measurement result corresponding to the unsigned qubit when a Pauli operator corresponding to the unsigned qubit in the target Pauli string is the same as a Pauli operator corresponding to the same measurement basis. ### Claim 19 A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, storing a computer program, the computer program, when loaded and executed by a processor, causing the processor to implement: performing transformation processing on input quantum states of n qubits through a parameterized quantum circuit, to output quantum states of the n qubits, an expected energy value of Hamiltonian of a target quantum system in the output quantum states of the n qubits being a summation result of expected energy values of k Pauli strings obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian, n and k being positive integers; performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network; adjusting parameters of the parameterized quantum circuit and parameters of the neural network by using a convergence condition of the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian as an objective; and when the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfies the convergence condition, determining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian satisfying the convergence condition as ground state energy of the target quantum system. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The storage medium according to claim 19, wherein the performing post-processing on the output quantum states of the n qubits by using a neural network, and obtaining the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian by calculating a post-processing result of the neural network comprises: generating a plurality of Pauli strings corresponding to equivalent Hamiltonian of the target quantum system according to a Pauli string obtained by decomposing the Hamiltonian and a Pauli string obtained by decomposing a post-processing operator corresponding to the neural network; for one Pauli string in the plurality of Pauli strings, obtaining a bit string of the output quantum states of the n qubits on a measurement basis corresponding to the Pauli string by measurement; calculating expected energy values corresponding to the plurality of Pauli strings respectively according to bit strings that respectively correspond to the plurality of Pauli strings; and calculating the expected energy value of the Hamiltonian according to the expected energy values corresponding to the plurality of Pauli strings.