# US 2023/0054443 A1 · Water softening intercalation materials > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2023/0054443 A1 - Document ID: US20230054443A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 17/405,396 - Filed: 2021-08-18 - Published: 2023-02-23 - Earliest claimed: 2021-08-18 - Assignees: Robert Bosch GmbH - Applicants: Robert Bosch GmbH - Inventors: Münir M. BESLI; Saravanan KUPPAN; Vikram PANDE; Sondra HELLSTROM; Jake CHRISTENSEN - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20230054443A1 ## CPC - C02F 1/4691: {Capacitive deionisation} - H01M 50/497: Ionic conductivity - B01D 61/428: {Membrane capacitive deionization} - B01D 61/50: Stacks of the plate-and-frame type - C02F 1/4602: {for prevention or elimination of deposits} - C02F 1/46114: {Electrodes in particulate form or with conductive and/or non conductive particles between them} - H01M 4/583: Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx - H01M 4/622: {being polymers} - H01M 50/449: having a layered structure - C02F 2001/46133: {characterised by the material} - C02F 2001/46161: {Porous electrodes} - C02F 2201/46115: Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms - C02F: TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE (separation in general B01D; special arrangements on waterborne vessels of installations for treating water, waste water or sewage, e.g. for producing fresh water, B63J; adding materials to water to prevent corrosion C23F; treating radioactively-contaminated liquids G21F9/04; regeneration of reactants for recirculation into processes, see the relevant places for the processes) - H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY - B01D: SEPARATION (separating solids from solids by wet methods B03B, B03D; by pneumatic jigs or tables B03B; by other dry methods B07; magnetic or electrostatic separation of solid materials from solid materials or fluids, separation by high-voltage electric fields B03C; centrifuges, vortex apparatus B04; presses per se for squeezing-out liquid from liquid-containing material B30B9/02; treatment of water C02F, e.g. softening by ion-exchange C02F1/42; {arrangements of air intake cleaners in gas turbine plants F02C7/05} ; arrangements or mounting of filters in air-conditioning, air-humidification or ventilation F24F13/28) ## Abstract An electrode for use in a device configured to remove ions from a solution. The electrode includes an intercalation material including a binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, a ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof. The binary compound may have a general formula: AxByCz[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; and 0≤z≤1. The ternary compound may have the general formula: AxByCzDw[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; D=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤1; 0≤w≤1. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An electrode for use in a device configured to remove ions from a solution, the electrode comprising: an intercalation material including a binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, a ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof, the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound having a general formula: AxByCz[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn); 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; and 0≤z≤1, and the ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound having the general formula: AxByCzDw[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; D=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤1; 0≤w≤1. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The electrode of claim 1, further comprising: a carbon additive; and a polymeric binder. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The electrode of claim 2, wherein the intercalation material, the carbon additive and the polymeric binder are mixed to form an intercalation host material. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The electrode of claim 3, wherein the intercalation material is present in the intercalation host material in 60 to 90 weight percent. ### Claim 5 (depends on 3) The electrode of claim 3, wherein the intercalation host material is supported on a substrate. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The electrode of claim 1, wherein the intercalation material is the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, and the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound is selected from the group consisting of: AxNiyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxCuyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxCuyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyFez[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyFez[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyZnz[Fe(CN)6], and combinations thereof. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The electrode of claim 1, wherein the ions include one or more divalent cations. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The electrode of claim 7, wherein the one or more divalent cations include Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions. ### Claim 9 A device for removing ions from a solution, the device comprising: first and second intercalation electrodes forming a compartment configured to stream the solution, the first and second intercalation electrodes including first and second intercalation materials, respectively, the first and/or second intercalation materials including a binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, a ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof, the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound having a general formula: AxByCz[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn); 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; and 0≤z≤1, and the ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound having the general formula: AxByCzDw[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; D=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤1; 0≤w≤1, the first and second intercalation electrodes configured to receive an electric bias of current or voltage applied by a power supply such that the first and second intercalation electrodes reversibly store and release ions from the solution. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The device of claim 9, wherein only one of the first and second intercalation materials include the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, the ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The device of claim 9, wherein the first and second intercalation materials are the same such that the first and second intercalation electrodes are paired. ### Claim 12 (depends on 9) The device of claim 9, further comprising an anion exchange membrane situated between the first and second intercalation electrodes such that a first subcompartment is formed between the first intercalation electrode and the anion exchange membrane and a second subcompartment is formed between the anion exchange membrane and the second subcompartment. ### Claim 13 (depends on 9) The device of claim 9, wherein the first and/or second intercalation material is the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, and the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound is selected from the group consisting of: AxNiyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxCuyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxCuyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyFez[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyFez[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyZnz[Fe(CN)6], and combinations thereof. ### Claim 14 (depends on 9) The device of claim 9, wherein the ions include one or more divalent cations. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The device of claim 14, wherein the one or more divalent cations include Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions. ### Claim 16 A device for removing ions from a solution, the device comprising: an anion exchange membrane and a carbon-based electrode in a first layer-to-layer configuration with each other; a cation exchange membrane and an intercalation host in a second layer-to-layer configuration with each other, the intercalation host including an intercalation material, and the intercalation material including a binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, a ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof, the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound having a general formula: AxByCz[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn); 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; and 0≤z≤1, and the ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound having the general formula: AxByCzDw[Fe(CN)6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; D=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤1; 0≤w≤1; and a compartment formed in between the anion exchange membrane and the cation exchange membrane and configured to stream the solution. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The device of claim 16, wherein the cation exchange membrane contacts the intercalation host. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The device of claim 16, wherein the cation exchange membrane contacts the intercalation host. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The device of claim 16, wherein the intercalation material is the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, and the binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound is selected from the group consisting of: AxNiyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxCuyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyNiz[Fe(CN)6], AxCuyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyCuz[Fe(CN)6], AxMnyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyMnz[Fe(CN)6], AxFeyFez[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyFez[Fe(CN)6], AxZnyZnz[Fe(CN)6], and combinations thereof. ### Claim 20 (depends on 16) The device of claim 16, wherein the intercalation host includes a carbon additive and a polymeric binder.