Solar cell production method for making transparent electrode solar cell

A solar cell production method for making a solar cell having a transparent electrode, comprising:

• forming an alcohol dispersion comprising a plurality of nanoparticles;
• spraying the dispersion onto a CVD substrate to deposit the plurality of nanoparticles on a surface of the CVD substrate;
• heating the CVD substrate and said nanoparticles to a temperature of at least 900° C. at sub-atmospheric pressure;
• contacting a gaseous mixture comprising methane and hydrogen with said nanoparticles and the CVD substrate, wherein hydrogen catalyzes a reaction between the methane and the CVD substrate to deposit carbon atoms on the surface of the CVD substrate thereby forming a composite layer with a graphene laver, wherein the nanoparticles are embedded in the graphene layer and extend through a thickness of the graphene layer;
• cooling the CVD substrate and the composite layer;
• disposing a transparent substrate on the composite layer, wherein the transparent substrate consists of one or more selected from the group consisting of quartz, glass, polymethylmethacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethernitrile, polyethersulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate, styrene acrylonitrile, styrene methyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene;
• removing the CVD substrate with an etchant thereby fabricating the transparent electrode, wherein said nanoparticles are in direct contact with the transparent substrate and a gap is present between the graphene layer and the transparent substrate,
• applying an electrolyte onto the composite layer of the transparent electrode, then
• applying a cathode onto the electrolyte to ionically and electrically connect the cathode to the transparent electrode.