Electrolytes for lithium-ion battery cells with volume-changing anode particles

A Li-ion battery cell, comprising:

• anode and cathode electrodes, wherein the anode electrode has a capacity loading in the range of about 2 mAh/cm2 to about 10 mAh/cm2 and comprises anode particles that (i) have an average particle size in the range of about 0.2 microns to about 20 microns, (ii) exhibit a volume expansion in the range of about 8 vol. % to about 180 vol. % during one or more charge-discharge cycles of the battery cell, and (iii) exhibit a specific capacity in the range of about 800 mAh/g to about 3000 mAh/g;
• a separator electrically separating the anode electrode and the cathode electrode;
• and
• an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more metal-ion salts and a solvent composition, the one or more metal-ion salts including one or more Li salts with a total concentration of the Li salts in the electrolyte in the range from about 0.8M to about 2.0M, the solvent composition comprising:
• one or more cyclic carbonates, and
• one or more electrolyte co-solvents, at least one of the one or more electrolyte co-solvents having the formula of:
• wherein where R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aryloxy,
• wherein R4 is selected from:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, cyano-substituted alkyl, bis-cyano substituted alkyl, tris-cyano-substituted alkyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, azido, isocyanato, isothiocyanato, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aryloxy,
• wherein n is in the range from 0 to 5,
• wherein X is selected from:
• —[C(R5)2C(R5)2—O]p—, —[C(R5)═C(R5)2]p—, —[C(R5)2—C(R5)═C(R5)]p—, —[C(R5)C(R5)]p—, aryl, heteroaryl,
• wherein p is the range of 0 to 5,
• wherein R5 is selected from the group of:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, cyano-substituted alkyl, bis-cyano substituted alkyl, tris-cyano-substituted alkyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, and monofluoroalkyl,
• wherein k is in the range of 0 to 5, and
• wherein Ry is selected from the group of:
• C1-5 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, cyano, azido, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, C4-7 cycloalkyl, sulfonyl-C1-5alkyl, sulfinyl-C1-5alkyl, N—C1-5alkyl sulfonyl-C1-5alkyl, N—C1-5alkylsulfonyl-aryl, a 5-8 membered saturated or non-saturated S-containing ring, a 5-8 membered saturated or non-saturated P-containing ring.

A Li-ion battery cell, comprising:

• anode and cathode electrodes, wherein the anode electrode has a capacity loading in the range of about 2 mAh/cm2 to about 10 mAh/cm2 and comprises anode particles that (i) have an average particle size in the range of about 0.2 microns to about 20 microns, (ii) exhibit a volume expansion in the range of about 8 vol. % to about 180 vol. % during one or more charge-discharge cycles of the battery cell, and (iii) exhibit a specific capacity in the range of about 800 mAh/g to about 3000 mAh/g;
• a separator electrically separating the anode electrode and the cathode electrode;
• and
• an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more metal-ion salts and a solvent composition, the one or more metal-ion salts including one or more Li salts with a total concentration of the Li salts in the electrolyte in the range from about 0.8M to about 2.0M, the solvent composition comprising:
• one or more cyclic carbonates, and
• one or more electrolyte co-solvents, at least one of the electrolyte co-solvents having the formula of:
• wherein R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aryloxy,
• wherein Y is O, S or Se, or S,
• wherein Z is O, S, Se or NH,
• wherein R4 is selected from the group of:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, cyano-substituted alkyl, bis-cyano substituted alkyl, tris-cyano-substituted alkyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, azido, isocyanato, isothiocyanato, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aryloxy,
• wherein n is in the range from 0 to 5,
• wherein X is selected from the group of:
• —[C(R5)2C(R5)2—O]p—, —[C(R5)═C(R5)2]p—, —[C(R5)2—C(R5)═C(R5)]p—, —[C(R5)C(R5)]p—, aryl, and heteroaryl,
• wherein p is the range of 0 to 5,
• wherein R5 is selected from the group of:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, cyano-substituted alkyl, bis-cyano substituted alkyl, tris-cyano-substituted alkyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, and monofluoroalkyl,
• wherein k is in the range of 0 to 5, and
• wherein Ry is selected from the group of:
• C1-5 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, cyano, azido, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, C4-7 cycloalkyl, sulfonyl-C1-5alkyl, sulfinyl-C1-5alkyl, N—C1-5alkyl sulfonyl-C1-5alkyl, N—C1-5alkylsulfonyl-aryl, a 5-8 membered saturated or non-saturated S-containing ring, and a 5-8 membered saturated or non-saturated P-containing ring.

A Li-ion battery cell, comprising:

• anode and cathode electrodes, wherein the anode electrode has a capacity loading in the range of about 2 mAh/cm2 to about 10 mAh/cm2 and comprises anode particles that (i) have an average particle size in the range of about 0.2 microns to about 20 microns, (ii) exhibit a volume expansion in the range of about 8 vol. % to about 180 vol. % during one or more charge-discharge cycles of the battery cell, and (iii) exhibit a specific capacity in the range of about 800 mAh/g to about 3000 mAh/g;
• a separator electrically separating the anode electrode and the cathode electrode;
• and
• an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more metal-ion salts and a solvent composition, the one or more metal-ion salts including one or more Li salts with a total concentration of the Li salts in the electrolyte in the range from about 0.8M to about 2.0M, the solvent composition comprising:
• one, two or more cyclic carbonates, and
• one or more electrolyte co-solvents, at least one of the electrolyte co-solvents having the formula of:
• wherein Y is O, S or Se, or S,
• wherein Z1 and Z2 are independently selected from O, S, Se or NH,
• wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group of:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, cyano-substituted alkyl, bis-cyano substituted alkyl, tris-cyano-substituted alkyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, azido, isocyanato, isothiocyanato, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and aryloxy,
• wherein n1 and n2 are integer numbers which are in the range from 0 to 5,
• wherein X1 and X2 are independently selected from the group of:
• —[C(R5)2C(R5)2—O]p—, —[C(R5)═C(R5)2]p—, —[C(R5)2—C(R5)═C(R5)]p—, —[C(R5)C(R5)]p—, aryl, and heteroaryl,
• wherein p is the range of 0 to 5,
• wherein R5 is selected from the group of:
• H, C1-5 alkyl, halogen, cyano, cyano-substituted alkyl, bis-cyano substituted alkyl, tris-cyano-substituted alkyl, sulfonyl, alkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, and monofluoroalkyl,
• wherein k1 and k2 are integer number which are in the range of 0 to 5, and
• wherein Ry1 and Ry2 are independently selected from the group of:
• C1-5 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, cyano, azido, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, C4-7 cycloalkyl, sulfonyl-C1-5alkyl, sulfinyl-C1-5alkyl, N—C1-5alkyl sulfonyl-C1-5alkyl, N—C1-5 alkylsulfonyl-aryl, a 5-8 membered saturated or non-saturated S-containing ring, and a 5-8 membered saturated or non-saturated P-containing ring.

A Li-ion battery cell, comprising:

• anode and cathode electrodes, wherein the anode electrode has a capacity loading in the range of about 2 mAh/cm2 to about 10 mAh/cm2 and comprises anode particles that (i) have an average particle size in the range of about 0.2 microns to about 20 microns, (ii) exhibit a volume expansion in the range of about 8 vol. % to about 180 vol. % during one or more charge-discharge cycles of the battery cell, and (iii) exhibit a specific capacity in the range of about 800 mAh/g to about 3000 mAh/g;
• a separator electrically separating the anode electrode and the cathode electrode;
• and
• an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, wherein the electrolyte comprises one or more metal-ion salts and a solvent composition, the one or more metal-ion salts including one or more Li salts with a total concentration of the Li salts in the electrolyte in the range from about 0.8M to about 2.0M, the solvent composition having a density in the range from about 0.8 g/cc to about 0.95 g/cc or from about 0.95 g/cc to about 1.00 g/cc or from about 1.00 g/cc to about 1.05 g/cc.