A kit for forming a three dimensional object comprising component A and component B, wherein component A contains a latent organo-ruthenium carbide catalyst and component B contains a photoactive or a thermoactive acid generator and either of the component A or the component B further comprising:
- a) one or more monomers of formula (I):
- wherein:
- m is an integer 0, 1 or 2;
- is a single bond or a double bond;
- R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C16)alkyl, (C2-C16)alkenyl, perfluoro(C1-C12)alkyl, (C3-C12)cycloalkyl, (C6-C12)bicycloalkyl, (C7-C14)tricycloalkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C3-C16)alkoxy, (C2-C6)acyl, (C2-C6)acyloxy, (C6-C14)aryl, (C6-C14)aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, perfluoro(C6-C14)aryl, perfluoro(C6-C14)aryl(C1-C3)alkyl, (C6-C14)aryloxy, (C6-C14)aryl(C1-C6)alkoxy, tri(C1-C6)alkoxysilyl and a group of formula (A):
- —Z-Aryl (A)
- wherein:
- Z is a bond or a group selected from the group consisting of:
- (CR5R6)a, O(CR5R6)a, (CR5R6)aO, (CR5R6)a—O—(CR5R6)b, (CR5R6)a—O—(SiR5R6)b, (CR5R6)a—(CO)O—(CR5R6)b, (CR5R6)a—O(CO)—(CR5R6)b, (CR5R6)a—(CO)—(CR5R6)b,
- where a and b are integers which may be the same or different and each independently is 1 to 12;
- R5 and R6 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C6)alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C3-C6)alkyloxy, (C2-C6)acyl, (C2-C6)acyloxy, phenyl and phenoxy;
- Aryl is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more of groups selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C6)alkyl, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C3-C6)alkyloxy, (C2-C6)acyl, (C2-C6)acyloxy, phenyl and phenoxy;
- or
- one of R1 or R2 taken together with one of R3 or R4 and the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a (C5-C7)carbocyclic ring optionally containing one or more double bonds;
- b) optionally one or more monomers of formula (IV):
- wherein
- R16 and R17 are the same or different and each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C6)alkyl, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C3-C6)alkyloxy, acetoxy, (C2-C6)acyl, phenyl and phenoxy;
- or
- R16 taken together with R17 and the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a (C5-C7)carbocyclic ring optionally containing one or more double bonds;
- R18 is hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C16)alkyl, (C6-C10)aryl, (C6-C10)aryl(C1-C6)alkyl, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, linear or branched (C3-C16)alkoxy, (C6-C10)aryloxy, (C6-C10)aryl(C1-C6)alkoxy, —O(CO)R19 and —O(CO)OR19, where R19 is methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C16)alkyl, (C6-C10)aryl and (C6-C10)aryl(C1-C6)alkyl;
- and
- c) a compound of the formula (V):
- wherein
- X is hydrogen or chlorine;
- R30 and R31 are the same or different and independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, methyl, ethyl, linear or branched (C3-C12)alkyl, (C3-C12)cycloalkyl, (C6-C12)bicycloalkyl, (C7-C14)tricycloalkyl, (C6-C10)aryl, (C6-C10)aryl(C1-C3)alkyl, (C1-C12)alkoxy, (C3-C12)cycloalkoxy, (C6-C12)bicycloalkoxy, (C7-C14)tricycloalkoxy, (C6-C10)aryloxy(C1-C3)alkyl and (C6-C10)-aryloxy;
- wherein said latent organo-ruthenium carbide catalyst is of formula (II):
- wherein:
- L is PR3, where R is independently selected from the group consisting of isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo(C5-C10)alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclohexyloxy, phenoxy and benzyloxy;
- R7 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl and substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl;
- Ar1 is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl and substituted or unsubstituted naphthyl;
- wherein substituents are selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl and phenyl;
- and
- wherein said component A and component B are in a clear liquid form having a viscosity below 100 centipoise at 25° C.