A method of inducing an immune response to at least one neoantigen in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a second boost comprising (i) a dose of a second composition, wherein the second composition comprises a second oncolytic virus and a first peptide composition, or (ii) a dose of a third composition and a dose of a fourth composition, wherein the third composition comprises the second oncolytic virus, and the fourth composition comprises the first peptide composition, wherein the first peptide composition is capable of inducing an immune response to the at least one neoantigen, wherein the third and fourth compositions are administered concurrently or sequentially to the subject,
- wherein the subject has pre-existing immunity to the at least one neoantigen, or the subject was previously administered a dose of a priming composition that is capable of inducing an immune response to the at least one neoantigen, and
- wherein the subject was previously administered a first boost comprising a dose of a first composition, wherein the first composition comprises a first oncolytic virus comprising a genome that comprises a first transgene, wherein the first transgene encodes and expresses a first protein in the subject, wherein the first protein or a fragment thereof is capable of inducing an immune response to the at least one neoantigen, and wherein the second oncolytic virus is immunologically distinct from the first oncolytic virus.