A method for building a machine learning model that is related to a reference anti-counterfeiting element for verifying authenticity of a to-be-examined anti-counterfeiting element, the method comprising steps of:
- receiving a plurality of original images of the reference anti-counterfeiting element;
- with respect to each of the original images, making different adjustments to the original image to form a plurality of true-element images, respectively, wherein the plurality of true-element images formed with respect to a same one of the original images constitute a set;
- inputting plural sets of the true-element images to a deep neural network, the plural sets of the true-element images corresponding respectively to the original images;
- and
- training the deep neural network based on the plural sets of the true-element images to build the machine learning model that is related to the reference anti-counterfeiting element.