Adhesive formulations that are free of asphalt or substantially free of asphalt, methods of making the same, and roofing systems utilizing the same

A method, comprising:

• combining a filler with at least one process oil and at least one polymer, so as to form an adhesive formulation, wherein the adhesive formulation comprises:
• 10 wt % to 70 wt % of the filler, based on a total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• 20 wt % to 70 wt % of the at least one process oil, based on the total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• and
• 0.5 wt % to 30 wt % of the at least one polymer, based on the total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• wherein the adhesive formulation is free of asphalt or substantially free of asphalt.

A method, comprising:

• obtaining a roofing substrate;
• and
• obtaining an adhesive formulation, wherein the adhesive formulation comprises:
• 10 wt % to 70 wt % of a filler, at least one tackifier, or any combination thereof, based on a total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• 20 wt % to 70 wt % of at least one process oil, based on the total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• 0.1 wt % to 50 wt % of at least one fire retardant, based on the total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• 0.5 wt % to 30 wt % of at least one polymer, based on the total weight of the adhesive formulation;
• wherein the adhesive formulation is free of asphalt or substantially free of asphalt;
• and
• applying the adhesive formulation to at least one surface of the roofing substrate.