Fabrication of autologous bone

A method for engineering vascularized bone tissue, comprising providing a three-dimensional (3D) cell growth medium comprising a plurality of hydrogel particles and a liquid cell culture medium, wherein the hydrogel particles are swelled with the liquid cell culture medium to form a granular gel, wherein the three-dimensional cell growth medium has a yield stress such that the cell growth medium undergoes a phase change from a first solid phase to a second liquid phase upon application of a shear stress greater than the yield stress;

• depositing into the granular gel a biocompatible support scaffold;
• depositing into a cavity of the support scaffold a vascular structure capable of supporting blood flow, wherein the vascular structure has a proximal and distal end;
• depositing into the granular gel a cellular component, wherein the cellular component comprises one or more stem cells or progenitor cells capable of forming tissue in the support scaffold, wherein the cellular component is positioned in the support scaffold, or between the support scaffold and the vascular structure;
• depositing into the granular gel one or more angiogenic growth factors at locations to promote angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the support scaffold;
• attaching a flow device to the proximal end of the vascular structure;
• and
• flowing through the vascular structure a blood-like media sufficient to support tissue growth.