Methods and apparatuses for training one or more model parameters of a predictive parking difficulty model

Apparatus for optimizing one or more model parameters of a predictive parking difficulty model for different locations based on collected telemetry data, the apparatus comprising circuitry configured to

• determine a ground truth ranking related to a subjective parking difficulty at the different locations, wherein the circuitry is configured to determine the ground truth ranking based on a pairwise comparison of parking difficulty between pairs of the different locations done by one or more humans;
• determine a prediction loss between a model ranking of the different locations obtained by the predictive parking difficulty model and the ground truth ranking;
• and
• adjust the one or more model parameters to minimize the prediction loss between the model ranking and the ground truth ranking.