An apparatus for reduction of a material, wherein the reduction of material includes applying microwave radiation to a material placed in a microwave applicator cavity, heating to at least exceeding a shot temperature in the material, and separating fluid oxidation products generated from the reduced material, and wherein the process is carried out without using reducing chemical agents, the material is an inorganic material, and the shot temperature is a temperature at which electrical conductivity of the material is increased at least 4% within a 4° C. temperature increase, with respect to the electrical conductivity of the material without reduction;
- the apparatus comprising:
- at least one microwave radiation source,
- a microwave applicator cavity,
- a container in which the material to be reduced is deposited, and
- a second source of microwave radiation for in-situ conductivity measurements and without interference with the first radiation source.