Apparatus and methods for sonochemical degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

An apparatus for destroying perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, the apparatus comprising:

• a reactor comprising:
• a housing comprising a base and one or more walls that cooperate to define a chamber configured to be filled with a liquid having one or more PFASs;
• a transducer disposed within the chamber, the transducer comprising a plurality of ultrasonic elements each configured to generate a plurality of sound waves that propagate through the chamber;
• and
• a plurality of ports coupled to and in fluid communication with the chamber, at least one of the plurality of ports configured to deliver a gas within the chamber;
• and
• a controller coupled to the transducer and configured to actuate the ultrasonic elements to generate a first series of acoustic waves at a first frequency that is less than approximately 1200 kHz such that when the liquid is disposed within the chamber at least some of the one or more PFASs are subjected to degradation.