Shock absorber, shoe sole and shoe

A shock absorber comprising a three-dimensional structure composed of a unit structure repeatedly, regularly and continuously arranged in at least one direction, the unit structure being a three-dimensional shape formed by a wall having an external shape defined by a pair of parallel planes or curved surfaces,

• when such unit structures each occupy a cuboidal space representing a unit space and defined by mutually orthogonal three sides having a first side extending in an axial direction in which the shock absorber exhibits a shock absorbing function as the shock absorber receives a load and second and third sides each extending from one end of the first side in a direction orthogonal to the axial direction, and the first side has a length L1 and a longer one of the second and third sides has a length L2, the three-dimensional structure including as the unit structure a unit structure satisfying 1.1≤L1/L2≤4.0.