Surface-emmiting laser comprising surface gratings

A surface emitting laser, comprising:

• a substrate;
• two lower electrodes;
• a first cladding layer;
• an active layer;
• a conductive layer;
• a second cladding layer;
• a ridge waveguide;
• and
• two upper electrodes;
• wherein:
• the second cladding layer comprises a central region and two side regions;
• the ridge waveguide is disposed on the central region and the two upper electrodes are disposed on the two side regions, respectively;
• the ridge waveguide comprises a plurality of Bragg gratings;
• the two upper electrodes are disposed on both sides of the ridge waveguide, respectively;
• and the two lower electrodes are disposed outside the two upper electrodes, respectively;
• the two lower electrodes are disposed on two edges of the first cladding layer, respectively;
• two grooves are formed between the ridge waveguide and each of the two upper electrodes, respectively;
• the active layer is disposed on the first cladding layer;
• and the conductive layer is disposed on the active layer;
• the ridge waveguide is electrically connected to the two upper electrodes via the conductive layer;
• and
• the first cladding layer or the second cladding layer comprises a resistive region.