Positive displacement heat machines with scavenging

Oscillating piston type Positive Displacement Heat Machine (PDHM), with at least one cylinder and at least one piston, oscillating in said cylinder between two Dead Points (DPs) at which said piston changes direction, the DP at a High Pressure level HPDP, and the DP at a Low Pressure level LPDP;

• the PDHM include means, for converting linear movement of said piston to rotation of at least a single mean, named a crankshaft, and vice versa, to convert rotation of said crankshaft to linear movement of said piston;
• characterized in that is further comprises:
• at least one:
• Rotating position and Speed Sensor (RSS), arranged to measure a rotation angle and a rotation speed of the crankshaft;
• Energy Source (ES), arranged to send regulated energy to said piston and other Moving Parts (MP), connected to it and to said crankshaft;
• Energy Receiver (ER), arranged to receive a regulated energy from said MP;
• Kinetic Energy Controller (KEC), arranged for regulating a kinetic energy of said MP, such that the kinetic energy near the same type DP is changed between two cycles approximately to a desired value, named Acceleration Between Cycles (ABC), while using for this regulation said ES, ER and feedback from said RSS, said regulation include possibility for reducing the rotation speed approximately to zero at least near one of said DP;
• Fixation of Crankshaft (FC), arranged as a mean to fixate the crankshaft near at least one of said DP if the rotation speed near this DP is approximately zero;
• Initiator of Crankshaft Moving (ICM), arranged as a controllable energy source to initiate rotation of the crankshaft, the ICM is controllable by said KEC;
• any of said RSS, ES, ER, KEC, FC, ICM may be combined with any other from them or arranged with combined functions of them and may be any type;
• the improvement for possibility for working with Pulse Pause Modulation (PPM) of the crankshaft speed.

A method of operating a Heat Machine (HM) being a heat engine or a heat pump;

• the HM is provided with at least a single High Pressure Chamber (HPC, 8) and with at least a single Low Pressure Chamber (LPC, 40);
• the LPC may be atmosphere;
• the HM is provided with Energy Conversion Means (ECM), arranged for conversion algebraic sum of compression and expansion energy at least of a part of said WF to mechanical work, or vice versa;
• the ECM may be positive displacement type, and this case the ECM named Working Chamber (WC);
• part of the WC named WCC 35, being arranged only for compression;
• part of the WC named WCE 34, being arranged only for expansion;
• the WC may include separated parts WCE 34 and WCC 35, or arranged as at least a single chamber for compression and expansion;
• the ECM may include a turbine, for converting energy of compressed WF to kinetic energy of moving WF and then to mechanical work;
• the ECM may include an axial or radial compressor;
• the turbine, mechanically connected to any compressor (radial, axial, positive displacement or another) named turbo-compressor;
• the ECM may include combinations of any type WC, turbine, compressor, with at least a single stage for compression and at least a single stage for expansion;
• said Heat Machine (HIM) is working with a thermodynamic cycle, comprising:
• displacing at least a part of the WF between said ECM and said LPC 40;
• displacing at least a part of the WF between said ECM and said HPC 8;
• performing compression and expansion at least inside said ECM;
• changing heat energy of the WF by any way;
• characterized in that it further comprises the steps of:
• providing at least a single expander 19 or compressor 7, the expander or compressor arranged with at least a single stage, arranged without transferring a work from or to said ECM;
• connecting said expander 19 or compressor 7 between at least a single HPC 8 and at least a single LPC 40;
• arranging an expansion ratio of an expander and a compression ratio of a compressor which are approximately equivalent to the ratio of pressures between appropriate HPC and LPC;
• regulating the ratio between throughputs of said expander 19 or compressor 7 and the ECM, so that said pressure HP will be approximately as desired;
• using said expander as an output of at least a part of power from said engine, or using said compressor as an input of at least a part of power for said heat pump.

A Positive Displacement Heat Machine with multi vane Rotor (PDHMR), that may be the heat engine or the heat pump, comprising:

• at least a single LPC 40 and least a single HPC 8;
• at least a single body 1 with left and right walls 14 and a rotor 2 between them;
• a plurality of vanes 3, being movable approximately along radius of said rotor 2;
• several working chambers (WC), each WC is formed by Surfaces of neighboring Vanes 3 (SV), parts of Surfaces of said Left and Right Walls 14 (SLRW), a part of Surface of said Body 1 (SB), and a part of Surface of said Rotor 2 (SR);
• wherein during rotation of said rotor 2, volume (Vwc) of every WC is changing between Vmin and Vmax;
• a space, enclosed between the SLRW, SB, SV, SR, where the Vwc is diminished to Vmin, named a High Pressure Space (HPS);
• a space, enclosed between the SLRW, SB, SV, SR, where the Vwc is increased to said Vmax, named a Low Pressure Space (LPS);
• at least a single Low Pressure Output Mean (WCLPOM, 21) and a Low Pressure Input Mean (WCLPIM, 20), both arranged as controllable openings between LPS and said LPC 40;
• means 9 for scavenging the WF between said LPS and said LPC 40;
• at least a single High Pressure Controllable Opening (WCHPCO, 18) provided between said HPS and HPC 8;
• where openings WCLPOM 21, WCLPIM 20, WCHPCO 18 are controlled, preferably be due to changing position of every WC relatively to appropriate opening;
• characterized in that is further comprises:
• means, arranged to initiate displacing at least a part of the WF between said HPC 8 and said WC, when being HPS, at least across said WCHPCO 18, such that displacement of said part is not caused by changing the volume of the WC.

A two stroke reciprocating piston engine apparatus, comprising:

• a) at least single thermally isolated High Pressure Chamber (HPC) 8 with Working Fluid (WF) compressed to High Pressure (HP), volume of said HPC 8 is sufficiency more, than end compression volume Vec;
• b) at least single Cylinder 15 with two Assemblies 16, each Assembly includes:
• b.1) two Crankshafts having minimal Inertial Moment, each Crankshaft is not connected to external load;
• b.2) a Piston, connected to a central part of a Beam;
• b.3) a Buffer 51, connected to central part of the Beam opposite to the Piston, for accumulating Energy from Expansion (EE) of WF (gas) during working stroke of said Piston, and return the EE during compression stroke as Energy for Compression (EC), while EE and EC are approximately the same, EE=EC;
• b.4) two connecting rods, one side of every connecting rod connected with bearing to a tip of the Beam, and another side with another bearing connected to corresponding Crankshaft being connecting to a synchronization gear;
• the crankshafts are arranged to rotate to opposite directions due to said gears;
• at least one of said crankshafts with addition gear and synchronization Belt connected to corresponding crankshaft of another said Assembly;
• c) said two Assemblies 16, are arranged such, that:
• c.1) symmetrically moving each of said two Pistons inside said Cylinder 15 between High Pressure Dead Point (HPDP), that is near a central part of Cylinder 15, and a Low Pressure Dead Point(LPDP), that is near a tip of Cylinder 15, so in Cylinder 15 there are two said HPDPs and two said LPDPs;
• c.2) symmetrically moving all parts, such that inertial forces are balanced;
• c.3) symmetrically loading all parts by gas forces, such that there are no forces between said pistons and Cylinder 15;
• c.4) volume (Vmin) between said two HPDP is equivalent or smaller than said Vec, such that said pistons are not displacing all compressed WF to said HPC 8, thereby diminishing moving pistons under said HP;
• c.5) Assemblies 16 and all rotating means in it or connected to it, including said Belt, have a minimum Inertial Moment, limited only by mechanical strength, but the Reciprocating Parts in the Assemblies 16 may have a large mass, thereby diminishing dynamic load on said bearings;
• d) a Working Chamber High Pressure Controllable Opening (WCHPCO) 18 in said central part of Cylinder 15, between two said HPDP, the WCHPCO 18 arranged to control a flow of WF between said Cylinder 15 and HPC 8, such that:
• d.1) said flow begins after ending compression and when the pressure in Cylinder 15 is approximately equivalent to said HP;
• d.2) said flow ends when volume in said Cylinder 15 is increased to Vbe, and Vbe is equivalent or more than said Vec;
• e) a fuel Injector 25A between two said HPDP, remote from said WCHPCO 18;
• said Injector 25A arranged for combustion after end compression, such that:
• e.1) after opening said WCHPCO 18, displacing at least a part of compressed WF to said HPC 8 due to heat expansion of combusted product, thereby diminishing moving of said Piston under said HP;
• e.2) minimum mixing between said displacing part and said combusted product;
• e.3) preferably ending combustion before expanding to said Vbe;
• f) a sensor HPCIMTS 27, arranged to measure temperature T27 of the WF in the HPC 8 after said WCHPCO 18;
• g) a Remote Expander 19, arranged as power output of the engine, without transferring energy from, or to, Assembling 16, with expansion from said HP to Atmospheric pressure;
• h) at least a single Electrical Machine 22, mechanically connected to any of said Crankshafts, for receiving energy, for providing energy, arranged to control rotation of said Crankshafts, the power of said Machine 22 is sufficiency smaller, than the power of said Expander 19;
• i) a Rotating Speed and position Sensor (RSS) 31, mechanically connected to said Electrical Machine 22 or to the Crankshaft;
• j) a pressure sensor HPCPS 32, arranged to measuring differential pressure between HPC 8 and Atmosphere;
• k) a Controller 29, arranged to:
• k.1) control said WCHPCO 18 and Injector 25A, such that EE=EC, with using feedback from said RSS 31;
• k.2) control said WCHPCO 18 and Injector 25A, such that if need fast changing of mean speed of said Crankshaft, EE>EC, or EE<EC according to desired changing;
• k.3) control said Electrical Machine 22, such that kinetic energy of said Assembling 16 at position according to at least one of said HPDP or LPDP, will be desired volume, including zero, with using for this control feedback from said RSS 31;
• k.4) if the speed of said Crankshaft near at least one of said HPDP or LPDP is near zero, optionally fixating said Assembling 16 during desired Fixation Time, using said Electrical Machine 22 for this fixation;
• k.5) initiating moving of said Crankshaft with said Electrical Machine 22;
• k.6) synchronization the mean cycle speed of Assembling 16 with throughput of said Expander 19, such that the pressure HP in said IPC 8, measured by said HPCPS 32, will be as desired;
• k.7) controlling said Injector 25A and WCHPCO 18 for minimum mixing, mentioned in e.2, with using signal from said RSS 31 and HPCIMTS 27;
• for optimal case, T27 is not sufficiency more, than temperature at end compression Tec;
• k.8) controlling said Injector 25A and WCHPCO 18, such that pressure at the end expansion will be not substantially more than Atmospheric pressure;
• 1) at least a single Fuel Injector 25B, preferably inside said IPC 8, and optionally in Expander 19.