High-power and fast-chargeable lithium battery

A lithium secondary battery containing an anode, a cathode, a porous separator or membrane disposed between said anode and said cathode, and an electrolyte, wherein said cathode comprises particles of a cathode active material that are packed together to form a cathode active material layer having interstitial spaces to accommodate a lithium ion receptor disposed therein and configured to receive lithium ions from said anode through said porous separator when said battery is discharged and enable said lithium ions to enter said particles of cathode active material in a time-delayed manner, wherein said lithium ion receptor comprises lithium-capturing groups dispersed in a fluid residing in said interstitial spaces and said lithium-capturing groups are selected from (a) redox forming species that reversibly form a redox pair with a lithium ion when said battery is discharged;

• (b) electron-accepting groups interspaced between non-electron-accepting groups;
• (c) anions and cations wherein the anions are less mobile than the cations;
• (d) chemical reducing groups that partially reduces lithium ions from Li+1 to Li+δ, wherein 0<δ<1;
• (e) an ionic liquid;
• or (f) a combination thereof.