Surfactant additive for solution coating large area high effeciency perovskite solar cells and other devices

A method of forming a photoactive device, the method comprising steps of:

• providing a perovskite-surfactant solution,
• said perovskite-surfactant solution comprising a perovskite ink and a surfactant;
• and
• coating said perovskite-surfactant solution onto a receiving surface of a substrate thereby forming a layer of said photoactive device;
• wherein said layer comprises a perovskite material;
• wherein said step of coating is performed via a continuous-type coating process;
• and
• wherein said coating is performed at a coating speed of at least 10 mm/s.

A photovoltaic cell, said photovoltaic cell comprising:

• a substrate;
• and
• a photoactive layer above said substrate;
• wherein said photoactive layer comprises a perovskite material and a surfactant;
• and
• wherein an active area of said photovoltaic cell is at least 1 cm2.