Directional Production of Composite Particles

An apparatus configured to create composite particles including nuclei and electrons in one or more bound states, the apparatus comprising:

• a vessel containing a gas at a predetermined pressure;
• a pair of electrodes including a positive electrode and a negative electrode extending into said vessel, the positive electrode being separated from the negative electrode by a gap;
• a capacitor switchably connected to at least one of the positive electrode or the negative electrode;
• a pump configured to circulate said gas at a predetermined flow rate through the gap between the electrodes;
• and
• a source of power configured to charge said capacitor with a voltage and energy sufficient to deliver a DC discharge to one of the pair of electrodes of sufficient power to create an arc between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
• wherein said arc ionizes the gas, creating a plasma comprising the composite particles of said nuclei and electrons in the one or more bound states.