# US 2019/0377237 A1 · Optical digital to analog converter > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2019/0377237 A1 - Document ID: US20190377237A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 16/439,268 - Filed: 2019-06-12 - Published: 2019-12-12 - Earliest claimed: 2018-06-12 - Assignees: The George Washington University - Applicants: The George Washington University - Inventors: Jonathan K. GEORGE; Volker J. Sorger - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20190377237A1 ## CPC - G02F 7/00: Optical analogue/digital converters - G02F 1/035: in an optical waveguide structure - G02F 2202/105: single crystal Si - G02F: OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS ## Abstract A digital-to-analog converter has a first interface coupled to a second interface through one or more modulation circuits. The circuits include a first coupler connected to the first interface; a first waveguide with a first lead connected to the first coupler, a first end, and a first length running therebetween. The first lead and the first end are coupled by a first switch. The circuits also include: a second coupler connected to the first interface; a second waveguide having a second lead connected to the second coupler, a second end, and a second length running therebetween, the second lead and the second end coupled by a second switch along the second length; and an optical combiner connected to the ends of the waveguides. The second interface is connected to the optical combiner of the modulation circuits. Output from the second interface is an optical signal capable of carrying binary information. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A digital-to-analog converter, comprising: a first interface; and a second interface coupled to the first interface through one or more modulation circuits, wherein each of the one or more modulation circuits comprises: a first splitting coupler connected to the first interface; a first waveguide comprising a first lead connected to the first splitting coupler, a first end, and a first length running therebetween, wherein the first lead and the first end are coupled by a first switch positioned along the first length; a second splitting coupler connected to the first interface; a second waveguide comprising a second lead connected to the second splitting coupler, a second end, and a second length running therebetween, wherein the second lead and the second end are coupled by a second switch positioned along the second length; and an optical combiner connected to the first end of the first waveguide and the second end of the second waveguide, wherein the second interface is connected to the optical combiner of each of the one or more modulation circuits. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 1, wherein the first switch comprises a first electro-optical switch connected to a first electrical output, and the second switch comprises a second electro-optical switch connected to a second electrical output. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 2, wherein the first waveguide is connected along the first length to one or more first thermal regulators, and the second waveguide is connected along the second length to one or more second thermal regulators. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 3, wherein the first waveguide is notched along one or more first portions of the first length. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 4, wherein the first waveguide is serpentine along one or more first portions of the first length. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 5, wherein the second waveguide is notched along one or more first portions of the second length. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 6, wherein the first waveguide is serpentine along one or more first portions of the first length. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 7, wherein the second interface is connected to the optical combiner of each of the one or more modulation circuits through a third waveguide. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 8, wherein the one or more modulation circuits comprises at least two modulation circuits, and wherein each third waveguide is connected to the second interface through a second optical combiner and a fourth waveguide interposed between the second optical combiner and the second interface. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The digital-to-analog converter of claim 9, wherein the first interface comprises a first grating coupler and the second interface comprises a second grating coupler. ### Claim 11 A method of converting an electrical signal to a photonic, comprising; receiving, at a grating coupler, a light wave from a light source; splitting the light wave into a plurality of sub-waves using a plurality of two or more seriated 3-dB couplers; directing the plurality of sub-waves through two or more waveguides, wherein each of the two or more waveguides comprises an electro-optical switch; modulating the plurality of sub-waves in accordance with one or more electrical inputs received at each electro-optical switch; and combining the plurality of modulated sub-waves to form a modulated photonic signal. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, further comprising: matching the amplitudes of the plurality sub-waves using a notched region along one or more of the two or more waveguides. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, further comprising: matching the lengths of the plurality of modulated sub-waves using a serpentine portion along one or more of the two or more waveguides. ### Claim 14 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, further comprising: putting a first modulated sub-wave from among the plurality of modulated sub-waves into phase with a second modulated sub-wave from among the plurality of modulated sub-waves by actively controlling the phase of the first modulated sub-wave. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The method of claim 14, wherein putting the first modulated sub-wave from among the plurality of modulated sub-waves into phase with the second modulated sub-wave from among the plurality of modulated sub-waves by actively controlling the phase of the first modulated sub-wave is done iteratively. ### Claim 16 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, wherein combining the plurality of modulated sub-waves to form the modulated photonic signal comprises passing the plurality of modulated sub-waves through a 3-dB binary logic circuit. ### Claim 17 A system on chip including an electro-optical transducer, the electro-optical transducer comprising: a first interface; and a second interface coupled to the first interface through one or more modulation circuits, wherein each of the one o ore modulation circuits comprises: a first splitting coupler connected to the first interface; a first waveguide comprising a first lead connected to the first splitting coupler, a first end, and a first length running therebetween, wherein the first lead and the first end are coupled by a first switch positioned along the first length; a second splitting coupler connected to the first interface; a second waveguide comprising a second lead connected to the second splitting coupler, a second end, and a second length running therebetween, wherein the second lead and the second end are coupled by a second switch positioned along the second length; and an optical combiner connected to the first end of the first waveguide and the second end of the second waveguide, wherein an input of the second interface is connected to the optical combiner of each of the one or more modulation circuits, and wherein an output of the second interface is connected to a processor. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The electro-optical transducer of claim 17, wherein the first switch comprises a first electro-optical switch connected to a first electrical output, and the second switch comprises a second electro-optical switch connected to a second electrical output. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) The electro-optical transducer of claim 17, wherein the first waveguide is connected along the first length to one or more first thermal regulators, and the second waveguide is connected along the second length to one or more second thermal regulators. ### Claim 20 (depends on 17) The electro-optical transducer of claim 17, wherein the first waveguide is notched along one or more first portions of the first length.