Electrochemical Cells

An electrochemical cell, which comprises:

• a. an anode selected from aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium and alloys comprising at least one of these;
• b. a cathode current collector;
• and
• c. a porous, non-conductive spacer between the cathode current collector and anode.

An electrochemical cell comprising a single aqueous electrolyte solution in contact with a non-metallic current collector, an oxidant, and a metal solid wherein current travels from the metal solid to the current collector via a load,

• or
• an electrochemical cell comprising a single aqueous electrolyte solution in contact with a non-metallic current collector, an oxidant, and a metal solid wherein current travels from the metal solid to the current collector via a load, and wherein the pH is greater or equal to 12,
• or
• an electrochemical cell comprising a single aqueous electrolyte solution in contact with a non-metallic current collector, an oxidant, and one or more anodes wherein current travels from the one or more anodes to the current collector via a load, and wherein the pH is greater or equal to 10.

An electrochemical cell comprising:

• a. a cathode;
• b. an anode adjacent to the cathode at a distance;
• c. a first polar electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode and disposed within the distance comprising an oxidant;
• d. a second polar electrolyte solution in contact with the anode and disposed within the distance comprising a suitable metal ion;
• and
• e. a separation agent;
• wherein the first and second electrolyte solutions are in contact with each other and are immiscible, and wherein there is no membrane in between the first and second electrolyte solutions,
• or
• an electrochemical cell comprising:
• a. a cathode;
• b. an anode adjacent the cathode at a distance;
• c. a first polar aqueous electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode and disposed within the distance comprising S2O82−;
• d. a second polar electrolyte alcoholic solution in contact with the anode and disposed within the distance comprising Al3+;
• and
• e. borosilicate within both the first and second electrolyte solutions;
• wherein the first and second electrolyte solutions are in contact with each other and are immiscible, and wherein there is no membrane in between the first and second electrolyte solutions,
• or
• an electrochemical cell comprising:
• a. a non-metallic cathode;
• b. a non-metallic anode adjacent the cathode at a distance;
• c. a first polar aqueous electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode and disposed within the distance comprising S2O82−;
• and
• d. a second polar electrolyte alcoholic solution in contact with the anode and disposed within the distance comprising a metal solid;
• wherein the first and second electrolyte solutions are in contact with each other and are immiscible, and wherein there is no membrane in between the first and second electrolyte solutions,
• or
• an electrochemical cell comprising:
• a. a cathode;
• b. an anode adjacent to the cathode at a distance;
• c. a first aqueous electrolyte solution in contact with the cathode and disposed within the distance comprising an oxidant;
• d. a second polar electrolyte solution in contact with the anode and disposed within the distance comprising a metal and an oxidant;
• and
• e. a separation agent;
• wherein the first and second electrolyte solutions are in contact with each other and are immiscible, and wherein there is no membrane in between the first and second solutions.