Systems, apparatuses and methods for reading an amino acid sequence

An apparatus for sequencing and/or identifying at least one of protein, peptide, amino acid and/or modified amino acid, the apparatus comprising:

• a plurality of electrodes;
• at least a first electrode of the plurality of the electrodes being functionalized with a molecule strongly bonded to at least the first electrode and that forms transient bonds with an amino acid;
• voltage bias means for applying a voltage between the first electrode and a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes, wherein the first and second electrodes are arranged such that a gap is produced between them;
• and
• current data monitoring means for monitoring current passing between the first and second electrodes upon a solution containing at least one of protein, peptide, amino acid, and/or modified amino acid being passed in the gap established between the first and the second electrodes.