# US 2019/0173318 A1 · Wireless non-radiative energy transfer > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2019/0173318 A1 - Document ID: US20190173318A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 16/184,354 - Filed: 2018-11-08 - Published: 2019-06-06 - Earliest claimed: 2005-07-12 - Assignees: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Applicants: Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Inventors: John D. Joannopoulos; Aristeidis Karalis; Marin Soljacic - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20190173318A1 ## CPC - B60L 53/126: Methods for pairing a vehicle and a charging station, e.g. establishing a one-to-one relation between a wireless power transmitter and a wireless power receiver - H01F 38/14: Inductive couplings - H01Q 9/04: Resonant antennas - H02J 50/12: of the resonant type - H02J 50/40: using two or more transmitting or receiving devices (H02J50/50 takes precedence) - H02M 1/0064: {Magnetic structures combining different functions, e.g. storage, filtering or transformation} - H02M 3/01: {Resonant DC/DC converters} - H04B 5/79: for data transfer in combination with power transfer - Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries - Y02T 10/7072: Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors - Y02T 90/12: Electric charging stations - Y02T 90/14: Plug-in electric vehicles - B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES - H01F: MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES - H01Q: ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS (radiators or antennas for microwave heating H05B6/72) - H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY - H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P) - H04B: TRANSMISSION - Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION ## Abstract Described herein are embodiments of a source high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy source, a second high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy drain that may be located a distance from the source resonator. A third high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy drain that may be located a distance from the source resonator. The source resonator and at least one of the second resonator and third resonator may be coupled to transfer electromagnetic energy from said source resonator to said at least one of the second resonator and third resonator. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A wireless power system for providing power to a vehicle, the system comprising: a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1), the source resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance; and a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and for powering the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2), the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, wherein the source resonator and the device resonator are configured to resonantly and wirelessly couple electromagnetic power from the source resonator to the device resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, and wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator, wherein Q1<100 and Q2<100, and wherein the power supply is configured to dynamically adjust a peak amplitude of the electromagnetic power in the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein Q1>200 and Q2>200. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein Q1>500 and Q2>500. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be dynamically set as a function of the energy transfer rate κ between the first and second resonators as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The wireless power system of claim 4, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be dynamically set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D. ### Claim 6 (depends on 4) The wireless power system of claim 4, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be dynamically set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The wireless power system of claim 8, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is configured to be set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} for said value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein the range of distances D includes D=6 cm. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein the range of distances D includes D=8 cm. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The wireless power system of claim 1, wherein the range of distances D includes D=10 cm. ### Claim at position 13 13-20. (canceled) ### Claim 21 A source module for a wireless power system for providing power to a vehicle, the wireless power system including a device module housed in the vehicle and comprising a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and for powering the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2), the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, the source module comprising: a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1), the source resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, wherein the source resonator and the device resonator are configured to resonantly and wirelessly couple electromagnetic power from the source resonator to the device resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, and wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator, and wherein Q1>100 and Q2>100, and wherein the power supply is configured to dynamically adjust a peak amplitude of the electromagnetic power in the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) The source module of claim 21, wherein Q1>200 and Q2>200. ### Claim at position 16 23-27. (canceled) ### Claim 28 A method for providing power wirelessly to a vehicle portable electronic device, wherein the vehicle is configured for use with a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q1=ω1/(2Γ1), the method comprising: providing the vehicle with a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and provide power to the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q2=ω2/(2Γ2), the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, wherein the device resonator is spaced from the source resonator and configured to move freely relative to the source resonator over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator; and resonantly and wirelessly receiving electromagnetic power at the device resonator from the source resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>5 over the range of distances D, and wherein each intrinsic loss rate comprises a resistive component and a radiative component, wherein Q1>100 and Q2>100, and wherein the method further comprises dynamically adjusting a peak amplitude of the electromagnetic power in the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 29 (depends on 28) The method of claim 28, further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is dynamically set as a function of the energy transfer rate κ between the first and second resonators as the device resonator moves relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 30 (depends on 29) The method of claim 29, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is dynamically set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D. ### Claim 31 (depends on 29) The method of claim 29, wherein the work drainage rate Γw is dynamically set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D. ### Claim 32 (depends on 28) The method of claim 28, further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is set such that Γw=Γ2√{square root over (1+(κ2/Γ1·Γ2))} for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D. ### Claim 33 (depends on 28) The method of claim 28, further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γw, and wherein the work drainage rate Γw is set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.