# US 2019/0170458 A1 · Metal substrates including metal oxide nanoporous thin films and methods of making the same > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2019/0170458 A1 - Document ID: US20190170458A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 16/267,812 - Filed: 2019-02-05 - Published: 2019-06-06 - Earliest claimed: 2008-07-16 - Applicants: Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation - Inventors: Marc A. Anderson; M. Isabel Tejedor; Ole Christensen - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20190170458A1 ## CPC - F28F 19/02: by using coatings, e.g. vitreous or enamel coatings - C23C 18/04: Pretreatment of the material to be coated (C23C18/06 takes precedence) - C23C 18/1241: {Metallic substrates} - C23C 18/1254: {Sol or sol-gel processing} - C23C 24/00: Coating starting from inorganic powder (spraying of the coating material in molten state C23C4/00; solid state diffusion C23C8/00 - C23C12/00) - C23F 11/185: {Refractory metal-containing compounds} - F28F 21/04: of ceramic; of concrete; of natural stone - F28F 21/089: {Coatings, claddings or bonding layers made from metals or metal alloys (F28F19/06 takes precedence)} - B32B 2305/026: Porous - C09J 2400/166: in the pretreated surface to be joined - Y10T 428/24926: including ceramic, glass, porcelain or quartz layer - Y10T 428/24975: No layer or component greater than 5 mils thick - Y10T 428/24997: Of metal-containing material - Y10T 428/249979: Specified thickness of void-containing component [absolute or relative] or numerical cell dimension - F28F: DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION (water and air traps, air venting F16) - C23C: COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL (making metal-coated products by extrusion B21C23/22; covering with metal by connecting pre-existing layers to articles, see the relevant places, e.g. B21D39/00, B23K; metallising of glass C03C; metallising mortars, concrete, artificial stone, ceramics or natural stone C04B41/00; enamelling of, or applying a vitreous layer to, metals C23D; treating metal surfaces or coating of metals by electrolysis or electrophoresis C25D; single-crystal film growth C30B; by metallising textiles D06M11/83; decorating textiles by locally metallising D06Q1/04) - C23F: NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE (working metal by laser beams B23K26/00; desurfacing by applying flames B23K7/00; working of metal by electro-erosion B23H; producing decorative effects by removing surface material, e.g. by engraving, by etching, B44C1/22; electrolytic etching or polishing C25F); INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25 - B32B: LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM - C09J: ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES (preparation of glue or gelatine C09H) - Y10T: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION ## Abstract The present disclosure is directed to a metal-containing apparatus including a substrate member constructed of a metal that is highly resistant to pitting corrosion and wear in aggressive media. An exemplary metal-containing apparatus is a plate heat exchanger. The metal includes an oxidation layer on the surface thereof and a thin metal oxide nanoporous film on top of the oxidation layer. The nanoporous film is highly compliant and is comprised of oxygen and aluminum, titanium, silicon, zirconium and combinations thereof. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate comprising: at least one dry oxidization layer on a surface of the substrate, the oxidization layer having a thickness of less than about 200 nanometers; and at least a first nanoporous film chemically bonded to the oxidization layer, wherein the first nanoporous film has a thickness of less than about 1 micrometer and a porosity ranging from 26% to 80%, wherein the first nanoporous film comprises an oxide of aluminum, titanium, silicon, zirconium, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 1, further comprising a second nanoporous film on top of the first nanoporous film, wherein the first and second nanoporous films are of the same or different composition. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, wherein the first and second nanoporous films comprise zirconium dioxide. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, further comprising an oxide layer between the first and second nanoporous films. ### Claim 5 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, wherein the first nanoporous and second nanoporous films comprise different compositions selected from aluminum and zirconium oxides. ### Claim 6 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, wherein the first nanoporous and second nanoporous films comprise different compositions selected from aluminum and silicon oxides. ### Claim 7 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, wherein the first nanoporous and second nanoporous films comprise different compositions selected from titanium and silicon oxides. ### Claim 8 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, further comprising at least one additional nanoporous film on top of the second nanoporous film. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 8, further comprising an oxide layer between each nanoporous film. ### Claim 10 (depends on 2) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 2, wherein the first and second nanoporous films each have a thickness ranging from 0.01 micrometers to about 1.0 micrometers. ### Claim 11 A corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate comprising: at least one dry oxidization layer on a surface of the substrate, the oxidization layer having a thickness of less than about 200 nanometers; a first nanoporous film chemically bonded to the oxidization layer, wherein the first nanoporous film has a thickness of less than about 1 micrometer and a porosity ranging from 26% to 80%; and a second nanoporous film on top of the first nanoporous film, wherein the first and second nanoporous films comprise zirconium dioxide. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 11, further comprising an oxide layer between the first and second nanoporous zirconium dioxide films. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 11, further comprising at least one additional nanoporous film on top of the second zirconium dioxide nanoporous film. ### Claim 14 (depends on 11) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 11, further comprising an oxide layer between the first and second zirconium dioxide nanoporous films. ### Claim 15 (depends on 11) The corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate of claim 11, wherein the first and second nanoporous films each have a thickness ranging from 0.01 micrometers to about 1.0 micrometers. ### Claim 16 A heat exchanger comprising: a corrosion and wear-resistant metal substrate, wherein the substrate comprises: at least one dry oxidization layer on a surface of the substrate, the oxidization layer having a thickness of less than about 200 nanometers; and at least a first nanoporous film chemically bonded to the oxidization layer, wherein the first nanoporous film has a thickness of less than about 1 micrometer and a porosity ranging from 26% to 80%, wherein the first nanoporous film comprises an oxide of aluminum, titanium, silicon, zirconium, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The heat exchanger of claim 16, wherein the metal substrate further comprises a second nanoporous film on top of the first nanoporous film, wherein the first and second nanoporous films are of the same or different composition. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The heat exchanger of claim 17, wherein the first and second nanoporous films comprise zirconium dioxide. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) The heat exchanger of claim 17, wherein the metal substrate further comprises an oxide layer between the first and second nanoporous films. ### Claim 20 (depends on 17) The heat exchanger of claim 17, wherein the first nanoporous and second nanoporous films comprise different compositions selected from aluminum, silicon, titanium and zirconium oxides.