Layered structure, electronic device including layered structure, system including electronic device, and method of manufacturing layered structure

A layered structure comprising:

• a base comprising a first metal as a major component and a second metal that is different from the first metal;
• a thermal oxide film of the base arranged on the base and comprising an oxide of the first metal and an oxide of the second metal;
• and
• a film comprising an electrically-conductive oxide and arranged on at least a part of the thermal oxide film,
• the first metal comprised in the base being more in atomic composition ratio than the second metal comprised in the base,
• the first metal of the oxide comprised in the thermal oxide film being less in atomic composition ratio than the first metal comprised in the base, and
• the second metal of the oxide comprised in the thermal oxide film being equal to or more in atomic ratio than the first metal of the oxide comprised in the thermal oxide film.