Camera modules with autofocus and optical image stabilization functions

A camera module comprising:

• an image sensor;
• a lens assembly positioned to focus an image on the image sensor and comprising a liquid lens comprising a liquid interface;
• and
• a mechanical actuator that causes relative translation between the lens assembly and the image sensor in each of an X-direction parallel to a first lateral axis and a Y-direction parallel to a second lateral axis, the first lateral axis substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the lens assembly, and the second lateral axis substantially perpendicular to each of the optical axis and the first lateral axis;
• wherein the lens assembly is fixed relative to the image sensor in each of a first rotational direction about the first lateral axis and a second rotational direction about the second lateral axis;
• wherein a tilt of the liquid interface is adjustable to adjust a focal point of the lens assembly in at least one of the X-direction or the Y-direction to perform an optical image stabilization (OIS) function in two or more axes;
• and
• wherein the liquid lens and the mechanical actuator cooperatively operate to perform the OIS function in four or more axes with mechanical motion in two or fewer axes.