Image forming apparatus

An image forming apparatus comprising:

• an image bearing member comprising a plurality of recess portions on a surface thereof and configured to rotate;
• a charging member configured to charge the image bearing member;
• an exposing device configured to expose the charged image bearing member to form an electrostatic image;
• a developing device configured to develop the electrostatic image formed on the image bearing member by toner;
• a transfer member configured to form a transfer portion between the transfer member and the image bearing member and transfer a toner image formed on the image bearing member onto a transfer material at the transfer portion;
• and
• a rubbing member disposed downstream of the transfer member and upstream of the charging member in a rotational direction of the image bearing member, formed from a rotary member including a surface layer formed from an elastic body, and configured to come into contact with the image bearing member to form a rubbing nip portion between the rubbing member and the image bearing member,
• wherein the recess portions each have an opening portion whose maximum length in the rotational direction is 20 μm to 120 μm, and
• wherein, in a case where a linear speed of the image bearing member in the rubbing nip portion is S1 and a linear speed of the rubbing member in the same direction as the linear speed of the image bearing member in the rubbing nip portion is S2, a relationship of a linear speed ratio of S2/S1<1.0 is satisfied.