A kit for detecting expression levels of one or more protein markers selected from the group consisting of NSE, MMP-9, VCAM-1, protein markers of neuronal, glial, and/or axonal injury, protein markers of blood brain barrier dysfunction, vascular leakage, edema and/or wound repair neuroinflammation, protein markers of vascular disruption and/or cell adhesion, and protein markers of metabolic changes in a subject sample, wherein the kit comprises:
- (i) one or more agents that are capable of specifically binding to said one or more protein markers;
- (ii) reagents for detecting binding of the one or more agents to the one or more protein markers;
- and
- (iii) instructions for determining if the subject is at risk for traumatic brain injury, comprising:
- (a) calculating a classification value for the subject based on a classification model of the one or more protein marker levels;
- and
- (b) identifying the subject as being at risk for traumatic brain injury when the classification value is greater than or less than a threshold value.