Noise/vibration reduction control

A system for reducing NVH generated by an internal combustion engine during cylinder output level modulation operation of the engine, the internal combustion engine having a plurality of working chambers and a cylinder output level modulation engine controller arranged to direct cylinder output level modulation operation of the engine, the system comprising:

• at least one actuator that is not part of a powertrain that includes the engine;
• and
• a NVH controller arranged to actively control actuation of the at least one actuator in a feed forward manner during cylinder level modulation operation of the engine at a first effective firing fraction to facilitate mitigation of an NVH characteristic associated with the cylinder level modulation operation of the engine at the first effective firing fraction, wherein the feed forward control is based at least in part on specific individual cylinder output level decisions, each specific individual cylinder output level decision being indicative of a desired cylinder output level for an associated cylinder during a single associated firing opportunity, wherein for each cylinder output level decision, the actuator is controlled differently during the associated firing opportunity based on the associated cylinder output level decision, the control of the actuator varying over the course of each engine cycle in accordance with the specific individual cylinder output level decisions associated with that engine cycle during the cylinder output level operation of the engine at the first effective displacement.