Electrochemical flow-cell for hydrogen production and nicotinamide dependent target reduction, and related methods and systems

A system comprising:

• a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme presented on a nanolipoprotein particle;
• and
• an electrochemical flow cell comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, an electrically conductive supporting structure
• wherein the electrochemical flow cell is configured to receive a solution in a space between the first electrode and the second electrode, and
• wherein the electrically conductive supporting structure is configured to immobilize the nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme presented on the nanolipoprotein particle and to be exposed to the solution in the electrochemical flow cell in a configuration adapted to produce a product from an enzyme-mediated biological reduction reaction.

A system comprising:

• a nicotinamide co-factor,
• a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme presented on a nanolipoprotein particle,
• at least two opposing electrodes for providing an electric current, and
• an electrically driven redox mediator for simultaneous combined or sequential use together with the at least two opposing electrodes configured to provide electrons to the nicotinamide co-factor,
• wherein the nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme is immobilized on an electrically conductive structure and
• wherein the nicotinamide co-factor, the nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme and electrically driven redox mediator are in a configuration adapted to produce a product from an enzyme-mediated biological reduction reaction.