# US 2018/0026550 A1 · Inverter with independent current and voltage controlled outputs

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- Number: US 2018/0026550 A1
- Document ID: US20180026550A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 15/676,915
- Filed: 2017-08-14
- Published: 2018-01-25
- Earliest claimed: 2011-05-08
- Assignees: Koolbridge Solar, Inc.
- Inventors: Paul Wilkinson Dent
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20180026550A1

## CPC

- H02M 7/537: using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
- H02J 3/007: Arrangements for selectively connecting one or more loads to one or more power sources or power lines
- H02J 3/32: using batteries or super capacitors with converting means
- H02J 3/381: {Dispersed generators}
- H02J 7/35: with light sensitive cells
- H02J 7/865: {Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply (H02J7/50 takes precedence)}
- H02J 9/061: {for DC powered loads}
- H02M 1/32: Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
- H02M 1/36: Means for starting or stopping converters
- H02M 7/53871: {with automatic control of output voltage or current}
- H02H 3/16: responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass (with balanced or differential arrangement H02H3/26 {; monitoring earth connection H02H5/105})
- H02J 3/40: Synchronisation of generators for connection to a network or to another generator
- H02J 2101/24: Photovoltaics
- H02J 2101/25: {involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources}
- Y02A 30/00: Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02B 10/70: Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
- Y02E 10/56: Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
- Y02E 70/30: Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
- H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P)
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02H: EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS (indicating or signalling undesired working conditions G01R, e.g. G01R31/00, G08B; locating faults along lines G01R31/08; emergency protective devices H01H)
- Y02A: TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION

## Abstract

Transformerless bimodal inverters provide grid-tie outputs for back-feeding solar-originated power from a battery to a utility power grid in a grid-tied mode, simultaneously or alternatively with providing a constant-voltage AC output for powering AC appliances or loads directly in a standalone mode. The inverters continue to operate in the standalone mode without interruption should the grid-tied mode cease, e.g., due to anti-islanding during a grid outage or other fault condition not affecting the standalone mode. Conversely, the inverters continue to operate in the grid-tied mode should the standalone mode trip out, e.g., due to a current overload or other condition not affecting the grid-tied mode.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A bimodal inverter operative to convert DC power from a battery to either or both of a current-controlled AC output and a voltage-controlled AC output, comprising:
a switching matrix at least partially shared between the current-controlled and voltage-controlled outputs; and
a controller operative to cause the shared switching matrix to output one or both of
a current-controlled output selectively generating AC power having a predetermined current level within a predetermined current tolerance and suitable for backfeeding power to an electric utility grid, and
a voltage-controlled output selectively generating AC power having a predetermined voltage level within predetermined voltage tolerance and suitable for directly powering AC loads;
wherein the controller is operative to cause the shared switching matrix to output the current-controlled output and the voltage-controlled outputs simultaneously; and
wherein the controller is operative to cause the shared switching matrix to output the current-controlled output if the voltage-controlled output is terminated; and
wherein the controller is operative to cause the shared switching matrix to output the voltage-controlled output if the current-controlled output is terminated.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The bimodal inverter of claim 1 wherein the current-controlled output is terminated due to the electric utility grid experiencing an outage.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The bimodal inverter of claim 1 wherein the voltage-controlled output is terminated due to a current overload.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The bimodal inverter of claim 1 wherein the battery is charged from an array of photovoltaic panels and wherein the controller is operative to control the shared switching matrix such that the sum of power output by the current-controlled output, the power output by the voltage-controlled output, and power used to charge the battery, is substantially equal to the power output by the photovoltaic array.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The bimodal inverter of claim 1 wherein the controller receives a measurement of a total net current or power received from the electric utility grid, and wherein the controller is further operative to control the switching array such that the net power consumed from the electric utility grid is minimized but prevented from becoming negative.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The bimodal inverter of claim 1 wherein the switching matrix comprises a w-bridge configuration of three half-H-bridges of semiconductor switches, and wherein the controller is operative to control a first of said half-H-bridges to alternately connect an AC neutral output terminal, shared by the current-controlled and voltage-controlled outputs, to positive and negative connections of the battery, wherein the switching is synchronized to zero-crossings of a voltage on the current-controlled output.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The bimodal inverter of claim 6 wherein the controller is further operative to control a second of said three half-H-bridges to switch the positive and negative connections of the battery alternately through an inductor to the current-controlled output according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave current through the inductor.

### Claim 8 (depends on 6)

The bimodal inverter of claim 6 wherein the controller is operative to switch the first of said half-H-bridges at a switching rate equal to a desired sinewave frequency of AC power output by the voltage-controlled output, and wherein the controller is further operative to control a third of said three half-H-bridges to switch the positive and negative connections of the battery alternately through a damped, low-pass filter to the voltage-controlled output according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave voltage at the voltage-controlled output after filtering.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The bimodal inverter of claim 1 wherein the controller is operative to control the shared switching matrix to output split-phase AC power on antiphase L1 and L2 output terminals, with respect to a neutral terminal, of the current-controlled output.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The bimodal inverter of claim 9 wherein the controller is further operative to control the shared switching matrix to output split-phase AC power of nominally 120 volts rms AC on antiphase L1 and L2 output terminals, with respect to the neutral terminal, of the voltage-controlled output.

### Claim 11

A bimodal inverter operative to convert DC power from a battery to a voltage-controlled AC output, comprising:
a first half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
an inductor connected between a node between the switches of the first half-H-bridge and a neutral AC output terminal;
a second half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
a first damped low-pass filter connected between a node between the switches of the second half-H-bridge and a first voltage-controlled AC output terminal; and
a controller operative to control the first half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the neutral AC output terminal through the inductor to provide an electronic center-tap of the battery; and
wherein the controller is further operative to control the second half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the first voltage-controlled AC output terminal through the first damped low-pass filter according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave voltage waveform.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The bimodal inverter of claim 11 wherein the controller is operative to control the first half-H-bridge to alternately connect the battery terminals to the neutral AC output terminal through the inductor at a mark/space ratio controlled to suppress any DC bias at the voltage-controlled AC output terminal.

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

The bimodal inverter of claim 11 wherein
the controller is operative to control the first half-H-bridge to alternately connect the battery terminals to the neutral AC output terminal through the inductor at a 50:50 mark/space ratio; and
the controller is further operative to control the second half-H-bridge, by a proportional-integral (PI) control algorithm, to alternately connect the battery terminals to the first voltage-controlled AC output terminal through the first damped low-pass filter according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits controlled by said PI control algorithm to approximate a sinewave voltage waveform with substantially zero DC bias voltage at the first voltage-controlled AC output terminal.

### Claim 14 (depends on 11)

The bimodal inverter of claim 11 further comprising:
a third half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery; and
a second damped low-pass filter connected between a node between the switches of the second half-H-bridge and a second voltage-controlled AC output terminal;
wherein the controller is further operative to control the third half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the second voltage-controlled AC output terminal through the second damped low-pass filter according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave voltage waveform in antiphase with the first voltage-controlled AC output terminal.

### Claim 15

A bimodal inverter operative to convert DC power from a battery to a current-controlled AC output, comprising:
a first half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
a first inductor connected between a node between the switches of the first half-H-bridge and a neutral AC output terminal;
a second half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
a second inductor connected between a node between the switches of the second half-H-bridge and a current-controlled AC output terminal; and
a controller operative to control the first half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the neutral AC output terminal through the first inductor to provide an electronic center-tap of the battery; and
wherein the controller is further operative to control the second half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the current-controlled AC output terminal through the second inductor according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave current waveform.

### Claim 16

A bimodal inverter operative to convert DC power from a battery to either or both of a current-controlled AC output and a voltage-controlled AC output, the AC outputs sharing a neutral output terminal, comprising:
a first half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
a first inductor connected between a node between the switches of the first half-H-bridge and the shared neutral AC output terminal;
a second half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
a damped low-pass filter connected between a node between the switches of the second half-H-bridge and a voltage-controlled AC output terminal; and
a third half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery;
a second inductor connected between a node between the switches of the second half-H-bridge and a current-controlled AC output terminal; and
a controller operative to control the first half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the shared neutral AC output terminal through the inductor to provide an electronic center-tap of the battery;
wherein the controller is further operative to control the second half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the voltage-controlled AC output terminal through the damped low-pass filter according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave voltage waveform; and
wherein the controller is further operative to control the third half-H-bridge to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to the current-controlled AC output terminal through the second inductor according to a bit-density modulation stream of binary bits chosen to approximate a sinewave current waveform.

### Claim 17

A method of controlling a bimodal inverter operative to convert DC power from a battery to either or both of a current-controlled AC output suitable for backfeeding power to an electric utility grid and a voltage-controlled AC output suitable for directly powering AC loads, comprising:
monitoring an AC current at the current-controlled AC output;
comparing the monitored current to a desired current waveform;
if the monitored current deviates from an instantaneous value of the desired current waveform by more than a predetermined current deviation, controlling a second half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery to reduce the current deviation;
monitoring an AC voltage at the voltage-controlled AC output;
comparing the monitored voltage to a desired voltage waveform;
if the monitored voltage deviates from an instantaneous value of the desired voltage waveform by more than a predetermined voltage deviation, controlling a third half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery to reduce the voltage deviation.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17 further comprising controlling a first half-H-bridge of semiconductor switches connected in series between positive and negative terminals of the battery to alternately connect the positive and negative battery terminals to a neutral AC output terminal shared by the current-controlled AC output and the voltage-controlled AC output, the alternate connections being synchronized to zero-crossings of the voltage on the current-controlled AC output.

### Claim 19 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17 further comprising
monitoring an AC voltage at the current-controlled AC output;
if the voltage at the current-controlled AC output deviates from an anticipated waveform, controlling the second half-H-bridge to cease providing the current-controlled AC output while continuing to control the third half-H-bridge to provide the voltage-controlled output;
monitoring an AC current at the voltage-controlled AC output; and
if the current at the voltage-controlled AC output exceeds a predetermined maximum value, controlling the third half-H-bridge to cease providing the voltage-controlled AC output while continuing to control the second half-H-bridge to provide the current-controlled output.