Apparatus, Systems and Methods for Conversion of Scalar Particle Flow to an Electrical Output

A scalar particle conversion apparatus for conversion of scalar particles to electricity comprising:

• an anode and a crystalline cathode disposed within a gas;
• a voltage source electrically coupled to the anode and the crystalline cathode and configured to generate a current through the gas, wherein a component of the gas is loaded into the crystalline cathode,
• wherein a portion of a scalar particle flow impinging on the crystalline cathode is converted to photons via the inverse Primakoff effect;
• and
• one or more energy conversion devices operatively coupled to one or more portions of the crystalline cathode and configured to perform at least one of a direct or indirect conversion of the photons from the crystalline cathode to an electrical output.

A scalar particle conversion apparatus for conversion of scalar particles to electricity comprising:

• a container;
• a volume of particulate material consolidated within the container, wherein the volume of consolidated particulate material is maintained at a pressure greater than 1 atm;
• one or more heating elements configured to heat the volume of the particulate material to a selected temperature,
• wherein a portion of a scalar particle flow impinging on the volume of the particulate material is converted to photons via the inverse Primakoff effect;
• and
• one or more energy conversion devices operatively coupled to one or more portions of the volume of the particulate material and configured to perform at least one of a direct or indirect conversion of the photons from the volume of the particulate material to an electrical output.

A solid state scalar particle detector comprising:

• a container;
• a volume of ferromagnetic nanoparticles consolidated within the container in a closely packed suspension;
• an external magnetic field generator configured to apply an external magnetic field perpendicular to a scalar particle flow impinging on the volume of ferromagnetic nanoparticles, wherein a portion of a scalar particle flow impinging on the volume of ferromagnetic nanoparticles is converted to photons via the inverse Primakoff effect, wherein at least a portion of the photons converted from the scalar particle flow are absorbed by the ferromagnetic nanoparticles to generate heat;
• and
• a calorimeter, wherein the container containing the volume of ferromagnetic nanoparticles is disposed within the calorimeter, wherein the calorimeter is configured to measure the heat generated by the impingement of the scalar particle flow on the volume of ferromagnetic nanoparticles.