Ligatures and use thereof

to 6. (canceled)

The apparatus of 8, wherein the members of the ligature applicator are protrusions, protruding pins or pin members.

The apparatus of 8, wherein the members are moveable between a first position in which a ligature may be held in an extended state and a second position in which the ligature may be allowed to disengage from the members.

to 16. (canceled)

to 23. (canceled)

(canceled)

to 46. (canceled)

to 69. (canceled)

An apparatus for removal of an animal body part, the apparatus comprising:

• a ligature applicator, the ligature applicator being configured to move a ligature between an initial, retracted state and an intermediate extended state in which the ligature can be passed over the animal body part to a selected application position, and then to a final, retracted state in which the ligature applies a compressive force at the application position to restrict blood flow in the animal body part;
• and
• a substance applicator, the substance applicator being configured to inject a substance to the animal.