# US 2017/0288402 A1 · A method for operating at least one distributed energy resource comprising a refrigeration system

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- Number: US 2017/0288402 A1
- Document ID: US20170288402A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 15/508,530
- Filed: 2015-11-18
- Published: 2017-10-05
- Earliest claimed: 2014-11-19
- Assignees: Danfoss A/S
- Applicants: Danfoss A/S
- Inventors: Torben Green
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20170288402A1

## CPC

- F25B 5/02: arranged in parallel
- F25B 49/02: for compression type machines, plants or systems
- F25D 29/00: Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- H02J 3/003: {Load forecast, e.g. methods or systems for forecasting future load demand}
- H02J 3/14: by switching loads on to, or off from, the networks, e.g. progressively balanced loading
- F25B 2400/06: Several compression cycles arranged in parallel
- F25B 2400/075: with parallel compressors
- F25B 2400/22: Refrigeration systems for supermarkets
- F25B 2500/19: Calculation of parameters
- F25B 2600/024: by controlling the electric parameters, e.g. current or voltage
- F25B 2600/2513: Expansion valves
- F25B 2700/1933: Suction pressures
- F25B 2700/2104: of an indoor room or compartment
- H02J 2105/42: Home appliances
- Y02B 30/70: Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
- Y02B 70/30: Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
- Y02B 70/3225: Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
- Y04S 20/222: Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
- Y04S 20/242: Home appliances
- Y04S 20/244: the home appliances being or involving heating ventilating and air conditioning [HVAC] units
- F25B: REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25D: REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR (refrigerated showcases A47F3/04; thermally-insulated vessels for domestic use A47J41/00; refrigerated vehicles, see the appropriate subclasses of classes B60 - B64; containers with thermal insulation in general B65D81/38; heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants, or materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion C09K5/00; thermally-insulated vessels for liquefied or solidified gases F17C; air-conditioning or air-humidification F24F; refrigeration machines, plants, or systems F25B; cooling of instruments or comparable apparatus without refrigeration G12B)
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- Y02B: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y04S: SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS

## Abstract

The invention relates to a method of operating at least one distributed energy resource comprising a refrigeration system (1) with a number of cooling entities, wherein a power consumption information is communicated to a smart-grid setup (SG). According to the invention the method comprises the steps of: requesting (S0) a power consumption information from the refrigeration system; transmitting (S1) the power consumption information from the refrigeration system (1), wherein a total amount of power consumption (Pmin, Pmax) of the refrigeration system (1) is provided; wherein: a cooling capacity (dQ/dt_i) of at least one cooling entity is determined wherein an entity operation condition (CE) of the cooling entity (E1, E2) is taken into account (D1); a power consumption (W_i) of at least one cooling entity (E1, E2) is determined from the cooling capacity (dQ/dt_i) wherein a performance estimation (COP) of a refrigeration cycle for the cooling entity (E1, E2) is taken into account (D2); providing (D3) the total amount of power consumption (Pmin, Pmax) as a sum of power consumptions (W_i) of at least the one cooling entity of the number of cooling entities (E1, E2), in particular as a sum of relevant power consumptions of the number of cooling entities (E1, E2); receiving (S2) at the refrigeration system (1) a power reference (Wref) from the smart-grid setup (SG). The method presented enables power control of a centralized refrigeration system in a smart-grid setup where an aggregator provides the power reference. In addition, the method also enables the refrigeration system to improve determining flexibility margins beyond absolute max./min values of nominal and zero.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for operating at least one distributed energy resource comprising a refrigeration system with at least one compressor, at least one heat rejecting heat exchanger, and two or more cooling entities, each cooling entity comprising an evaporator and an expansion valve controlling a supply of refrigerant to the evaporator, the method comprising the steps of:
a smart-grid setup requesting information regarding expected minimum power consumption and/or expected maximum power consumption of the refrigeration system during a defined future time interval, from the distributed energy resource,
for each of the cooling entities, a controller of the distributed energy resource estimating a power consumption contribution originating from the cooling entity,
for each of the cooling entities, the controller of the distributed energy resource determining whether the cooling entity is in a state in which the evaporator of the cooling entity receives refrigerant or in a state in which the evaporator of the cooling entity is not receiving refrigerant, and determining whether or not the cooling entity is ready to switch state,
the controller of the distributed energy resource calculating an expected minimum power consumption and/or an expected maximum power consumption of the refrigeration system during the defined future time interval, based on the estimated power consumption contributions of the cooling entities, and based on the determined states of the cooling entities and whether or not the cooling entities are ready to switch state,
the controller of the distributed energy resource transmitting the calculated expected minimum power consumption and/or expected maximum power consumption of the refrigeration system to the smart-grid setup,
the smart-grid setup transmitting a power reference to the distributed energy resource, the power reference being within a power interval defined by the transmitted expected minimum power consumption and/or expected maximum power consumption, and
the distributed energy resource controlling the cooling entities using the power reference received from the smart-grid setup as a setpoint value for the power consumption of the refrigeration system, during the defined time interval.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of, for each of the cooling entities, the controller of the distributed energy resource estimating a cooling capacity of the cooling entity, and wherein the step of, for each of the cooling entities, estimating a power consumption contribution originating from the cooling entity is based on the estimated cooling capacity of the cooling entity.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of, for each of the cooling entities, estimating a cooling capacity of the cooling entity is based on an opening degree of the expansion valve, and on measured values of pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of, for each of the cooling entities, estimating a power consumption contribution originating from the cooling entity is based on a coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle of the refrigeration system.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of controlling the cooling entities comprises controlling the cooling entities on the basis of the estimated power consumption contribution of the cooling entities, and on the basis of the determined states of the cooling entities and whether or not the cooling entities are ready to switch state.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of the distributed energy resource controlling the cooling entities comprises switching state of one or more of the cooling entities being ready to switch state.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the smart-grid setup comprises an aggregator, and wherein the step of the smart-grid setup requesting information regarding expected minimum power consumption and/or expected maximum power consumption and/or the step of the smart-grid setup transmitting a power reference is/are performed by the aggregator.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of transmitting the calculated expected minimum power consumption and/or expected maximum power consumption comprises transmitting a maximum power consumption, and wherein the power reference transmitted by the smart-grid setup is below the maximum power consumption.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of transmitting the calculated expected minimum power consumption and/or expected maximum power consumption comprises transmitting a minimum power consumption, and wherein the power reference transmitted by the smart-grid setup is above the minimum power consumption.

### Claim 10 (depends on 1)

The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of, for each of the cooling entities, the controller of the distributed energy resource determining whether the cooling entity is in a state in which the evaporator of the cooling entity receives refrigerant or in a state in which the evaporator of the cooling entity is not receiving refrigerant, and determining whether or not the cooling entity is ready to switch state comprises the steps of, for each of the cooling entities:
determining whether the cooling entity is in an on state, in which refrigerant is supplied to the evaporator, or in an off state, in which no refrigerant is supplied to the evaporator,
obtaining a temperature inside a refrigerated volume being cooled by means of the evaporator of the cooling entity,
in the case that the cooling entity is in an on state, comparing the obtained temperature to a cut-out temperature of the cooling entity, and determining that the cooling entity is ready to switch state if the difference between the obtained temperature and the cut-out temperature is below a first threshold value, and
in the case that the cooling entity is in an off state, comparing the obtained temperature to a cut-in temperature of the cooling entity, and determining that the cooling entity is ready to switch state if the difference between the obtained temperature and the cut-in temperature is below a second threshold value.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method according to claim 10, wherein the first threshold value and/or the second threshold value is/are selected in accordance with a length of the defined future time interval.

### Claim 12 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of, for each of the cooling entities, estimating a power consumption contribution originating from the cooling entity is based on a coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle of the refrigeration system.

### Claim 13 (depends on 3)

The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of, for each of the cooling entities, estimating a power consumption contribution originating from the cooling entity is based on a coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle of the refrigeration system.

### Claim 14 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of controlling the cooling entities comprises controlling the cooling entities on the basis of the estimated power consumption contribution of the cooling entities, and on the basis of the determined states of the cooling entities and whether or not the cooling entities are ready to switch state.

### Claim 15 (depends on 3)

The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of controlling the cooling entities comprises controlling the cooling entities on the basis of the estimated power consumption contribution of the cooling entities, and on the basis of the determined states of the cooling entities and whether or not the cooling entities are ready to switch state.

### Claim 16 (depends on 4)

The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of controlling the cooling entities comprises controlling the cooling entities on the basis of the estimated power consumption contribution of the cooling entities, and on the basis of the determined states of the cooling entities and whether or not the cooling entities are ready to switch state.

### Claim 17 (depends on 2)

The method according to claim 2, wherein the step of the distributed energy resource controlling the cooling entities comprises switching state of one or more of the cooling entities being ready to switch state.

### Claim 18 (depends on 3)

The method according to claim 3, wherein the step of the distributed energy resource controlling the cooling entities comprises switching state of one or more of the cooling entities being ready to switch state.

### Claim 19 (depends on 4)

The method according to claim 4, wherein the step of the distributed energy resource controlling the cooling entities comprises switching state of one or more of the cooling entities being ready to switch state.

### Claim 20 (depends on 5)

The method according to claim 5, wherein the step of the distributed energy resource controlling the cooling entities comprises switching state of one or more of the cooling entities being ready to switch state.