Acetaminophen adducts and methods of use thereof

A method of detecting acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a subject, the method comprising:

• a) obtaining a biological sample from the subject;
• b) measuring the amount of acetaminophen-protein adduct in the sample by detecting one or more APAP-protein adducts, wherein each APAP-protein adduct comprises a protein modified with NAPQI, and wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase, 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase, or dystrophin;
• and
• c) comparing the amount of acetaminophen-protein adduct in the sample to a reference value, wherein a greater amount of acetaminophen-protein adduct in the sample compared to the reference value indicates acetaminophen-induced toxicity in the subject.

A method of detecting acetaminophen-induced toxicity in a subject, the method comprising:

• a) obtaining a sample from the subject;
• b) measuring the amount of acetaminophen-protein adduct in the sample to determine a profile of APAP-protein adducts in the subject, the profile comprising the identity and concentration in the sample from the subject of one or more APAP-protein adducts, wherein each APAP-protein adduct comprises a protein modified with NAPQI, and wherein the protein is selected from the group consisting of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1, cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase, 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase, or dystrophin;
• c) comparing the profile determined in (b) to a database comprising the presence and concentration of one or more APAP-protein adducts correlated with acetaminophen toxicity;
• d) identifying a matching entry of the database in which the identity and concentration of the one or more APAP-protein adducts matches the identity and concentration of the one or more APAP-protein adducts in the sample;
• and
• e) determining the acetaminophen toxicity comprising the particular acetaminophen toxicity of the matching entry.