A process for the modification of a glycoprotein, the process comprising contacting a glycoprotein comprising a glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc moiety, with a sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc in the presence of a glycosyltransferase, wherein:
- (i) the glycosyltransferase is, or is derived from, a β-(1,4)-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase;
- (ii) the glycan comprising a terminal GlcNAc-moiety is according to formula (1) or (2):
- wherein:
- b is 0 or 1;
- d is 0 or 1;
- e is 0 or 1;
- and
- G is a monosaccharide, or a linear or branched oligosaccharide comprising 2 to 20 sugar moieties;
- and
- (iii) the sugar-derivative nucleotide Su(A)-Nuc is according to formula (3):
- wherein:
- a is 0 or 1;
- f is 0 or 1;
- g is 0 or 1;
- Nuc is a nucleotide;
- U is [C(R1)2]n or [C(R1)2]p—O—[C(R1)2C(R1)2O]o—[C(R1)2]q, wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to 24;
- o is an integer in the range of 0 to 12;
- p and q are independently 0, 1 or 2;
- and R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OH and an optionally substituted C1-C24 alkyl group;
- T is a C3-C12 (hetero)arylene group, wherein the (hetero)arylene group is optionally substituted;
- A is selected from the group consisting of:
- (a) —N3
- (b) —C(O)R3
- wherein R3 is an optionally substituted C1-C24 alkyl group;
- (c) (hetero)cycloalkynyl group or a —(CH2)iC≡C—R4 moiety
- wherein i is 0-10 and R4 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-C24 alkyl group;
- (d) —SH
- (e) —SC(O)R8
- wherein R8 is an, optionally substituted, C1-C24 alkyl group or phenyl group;
- (f) —SC(V)OR8
- wherein V is O or S, and R8 is an, optionally substituted, C1-C24 alkyl group or phenyl group;
- (g) —X
- wherein X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I;
- (h) —OS(O)2R5
- wherein R5 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C24 alkyl groups, C6-C24 aryl groups, C7-C24 alkylaryl groups and C7-C24 arylalkyl groups, the alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups and arylalkyl groups being optionally substituted;
- (i) R12
- wherein R12 is selected from the group consisting of, optionally substituted, terminal C2-C24 alkenyl groups, C3-C5 cycloalkenyl groups and C4-C8 alkadienyl groups;
- and
- (j) R13
- wherein R13 is an optionally substituted terminal C3-C24 allenyl group;
- and
- (k) N(R17)2
- wherein R17 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C12 alkyl groups;
- Z is CH2, CF2 or C(O);
- or Z is CHOH with the proviso that g is 0, f is 1 and a is 0 or 1;
- Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N(R15), N(R15)C(O), N(R15)C(O)N(R15), N(R15)C(O)O, OC(O)N(R15)S(O)2N(R15) and N(R15)C(O)N(R15)S(O)2O, wherein R15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C12 alkyl groups and (U)f-(T)a-A wherein f, a, U, T and A are as defined above;
- and
- R14 is selected from the group consisting of:
- wherein:
- a, f, T, A and U are as defined above;
- h is 0 or 1;
- and
- W is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR15, NHS(O)O and NHS(O)2NR15, wherein R15 is as defined above.