Enhanced turbulent mixing

A flow directing apparatus for directing fluid flowing therethrough, comprising:

• a flow body defining an upstream facing inlet surface and an opposed downstream facing outlet surface with a plurality of bores defined through the blow body from the inlet surface to the outlet surface, wherein each bore is configured to direct fluid flowing therethrough and includes an inlet where the bore meets the inlet surface and an outlet where the bore meets the outlet surface, wherein each bore includes:
• an inlet portion of the bore extending in a downstream direction from the inlet of the bore;
• an intermediate portion of the bore extending in a downstream direction from the inlet portion of the bore;
• and
• a backstep portion of the bore extending downstream from the intermediate portion of the bore to the outlet of the bore, wherein the intermediate portion of the bore has a cross-sectional flow area that is smaller than or equal to that of the inlet portion and smaller than that of the backstep portion to provide a backward facing step in flow area for flow through the bore.