Apparatus for chemical concentration determination using microwave spectroscopy

A compound detection system comprising:

• an illumination element being at least one of RF, microwave and millimeter wave illumination transmission type, configured and operable to illuminate, with electromagnetic energy, a compound under a test and/or a detection;
• a receiver element configured to receive a spectra of the electromagnetic energy that is transmitted through a medium that contains the compound under the test and/or the detection;
• a receiver element configured to receive a spectra of electromagnetic energy that is reflected from the medium that contains the compound under the test and/or the detection;
• a measurement element that is connected to at least one of the receiver element configured to receive the spectra of electromagnetic energy that is reflected from the medium and the receiver element configured to receive the spectra of electromagnetic energy that is reflected from the medium, said measurement element configured to determine a value or amount of reflected electromagnetic energy and/or absorbed electromagnetic energy;
• and
• an analysis element that analyzes information collected by said measurement element and defines chemical specie(s) within said compound.

A method for determining a concentration and/or a presence of a compound comprising:

• sweeping, with a frequency generator coupled to an antenna, said compound with an electromagnetic energy in a range of frequencies;
• measuring scattering parameters at each frequency within said range of frequencies;
• and
• determining, based on said scattering parameters, said concentration and/or said presence of said compound.