Fuel composition and method of formulating a fuel composition to reduce real-world driving cycle particulate emissions

A method of formulating a spark ignition fuel comprising the steps of:

• providing a base fuel that comprises an aromatic content of at least 10% by volume of the base fuel;
• formulating a finished fuel by adding an additive mixture comprising an octane enhancer, wherein the additive mixture further comprises less than about 2% of aromatic content;
• wherein, upon combustion of the finished fuel, the particulate emission number is less than the particulate number from the combustion of the base fuel.

The exhaust plume generated by an internal combustion engine comprising:

• a solid particle number emission rate of less than about 6×1012 #/km on the New Europe Driving Cycle and particulate measurement program measurement methodology;
• wherein the fuel that is combusted in the internal combustion engine that generates the exhaust plume includes an octane enhancer, less than 50 ppm of sulfur, at least 10% by volume of aromatics, and a T90 of at least about 140° C.